ࡱ > 5 $ k a N z z x g Y q n S ^ U M } ` h bjbjss G ? D 2 1 1 1 z2 >< 2 . H 8 ^ J J J 1 ȶ d $ h T F 9 P @ P P J J ^ P 6( J J P ˈ ` J H `r 1 + P Z 0 . { @ b 6 4 ( b 4 4 4 t d 4 4 4 . P P P P 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) within the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) CompatibilIty of Earth Stations on board vessels TRANSMITTING within the gapS in the CEPT Fixed Service Channel plan FOR the lower 6GHz BAND (5925-6425MHz) Lbeck, September 2006 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This ECC Report addresses the issue of examining the feasibility of Earth Stations on-board Vessels (ESV) operation in the Fixed Service (FS) channel plan gaps in the lower 6GHz frequency band (alias L6) from 5925MHz to 6425MHz. The guidance in this report is intended for Administrations wishing to develop regulations to facilitate ESV operation closer than the 300km regulatory exclusion limit from their coastlines, for the L6 band. Realistic sharing scenarios were identified; however it was not possible to consider all configurations of the FS receiver (FSR) and ESV characteristics and locations. Nevertheless with some restrictions on the ESV operational conditions, minimum distances of the ESV from coast and minimum distances from the FSRs were determined for a large range of ESV and FSR characteristics and locations (See REF _Ref132001371 \h Table 16 and REF _Ref132001378 \h Table 17 in REF _Ref132377390 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT 6, and REF _Ref132021225 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT 7 REF _Ref132021231 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Conclusions). The present report describes the methodology used and provides the results for range of input parameters, from which an administration may select the most appropriate of described cases to derive the distance limits, or apply the given methodology to deal with other specific cases. It should be also noted that the approach proposed in this report in general complies with the terms of ITU Resolution 902 (WRC-2003) in that it constitutes a basis for prior agreement, but only for those administrations that accept the terms of the report (see Clause 4, Annex 1, Res. 902). However administrations are under no obligation to accept the terms of this report and may continue to require compliance with the more restrictive limitations given in the resolution. It was made known during approval of this report that some CEPT administrations do not intend accepting the proposed measures and will continue using the original provisions of Resolution 902 (WRC-2003). In particular, when considering the protection of primary Fixed Service systems in the lower 6 GHz band (5925-6425 MHz), administrations, if they so wish, have the sovereign right to retain the limits on ESV operation given in Resolution 902 (WRC-03), as expressed in the following extract from its Annex 1, item 10: When ESVs operating beyond the territorial sea but within the minimum distance (300 km from the coastline) fail to comply with the terms required by the concerned administration pursuant to items 2 and 4, then that administration may: request the ESV to comply with such terms or cease operation immediately; or request the licensing administration to require such compliance or immediate cessation of the operation. Table of contents TOC \o "1-8" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025698" 1 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc149025698 \h 5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025699" 2 References PAGEREF _Toc149025699 \h 6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025700" 3 Definitions PAGEREF _Toc149025700 \h 7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025701" 4 Abbreviations and acronyms PAGEREF _Toc149025701 \h 7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025702" 5 Notations PAGEREF _Toc149025702 \h 8 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025703" 6 Methodology PAGEREF _Toc149025703 \h 9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025704" 6.1 Interference to an FSR from an ESV PAGEREF _Toc149025704 \h 9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025705" 6.1.1 Maximum acceptable levels of interference (Imax) and interference criteria PAGEREF _Toc149025705 \h 9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025706" 6.1.2 Interference level (I) received by the FSR PAGEREF _Toc149025706 \h 10 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025707" 6.1.3 Propagation loss between the ESV and the FSR PAGEREF _Toc149025707 \h 10 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025708" 6.2 ESV characteristics PAGEREF _Toc149025708 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025709" 6.2.1 ESV density PAGEREF _Toc149025709 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025710" 6.2.2 Number of ESVs per day PAGEREF _Toc149025710 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025711" 6.2.3 ESV speed PAGEREF _Toc149025711 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025712" 6.2.4 ESV antenna height PAGEREF _Toc149025712 \h 13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025713" 6.2.5 ESV antenna PAGEREF _Toc149025713 \h 13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025714" 6.2.5.1 ESV antenna diameter and efficiency PAGEREF _Toc149025714 \h 13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025715" 6.2.5.2 ESV antenna gain pattern PAGEREF _Toc149025715 \h 13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025716" 6.2.6 ESV power spectral density (p.s.d.) PAGEREF _Toc149025716 \h 14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025717" 6.2.7 ESV off-axis e.i.r.p. of the wanted signal PAGEREF _Toc149025717 \h 17 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025718" 6.2.8 ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. of the wanted signal PAGEREF _Toc149025718 \h 17 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025719" 6.2.9 ESV limitations PAGEREF _Toc149025719 \h 18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025720" 6.2.9.1 Limits of ITU-R Resolution 902 PAGEREF _Toc149025720 \h 18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025721" 6.2.9.1.1 ESV e.i.r.p. towards the horizon PAGEREF _Toc149025721 \h 18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025722" 6.2.9.1.2 ESV e.i.r.p. spectral density towards the horizon PAGEREF _Toc149025722 \h 18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025723" 6.2.9.2 Limits of EN 301 447 PAGEREF _Toc149025723 \h 18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025724" 6.3 FSR characteristics PAGEREF _Toc149025724 \h 19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025725" 6.3.1 FSR antenna PAGEREF _Toc149025725 \h 19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025726" 6.3.1.1 FSR antenna diameter PAGEREF _Toc149025726 \h 19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025727" 6.3.1.2 FSR antenna gain pattern PAGEREF _Toc149025727 \h 19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025728" 6.3.2 FS receiver filters and NFD PAGEREF _Toc149025728 \h 19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025729" 6.3.2.1 Selected typical FS systems PAGEREF _Toc149025729 \h 19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025730" 6.3.2.2 FS transmitter spectrum mask PAGEREF _Toc149025730 \h 21 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025731" 6.3.2.3 Selected FS system types' receive filter parameters PAGEREF _Toc149025731 \h 21 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025732" 6.3.2.4 FS receiver filter gain pattern PAGEREF _Toc149025732 \h 23 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025733" 6.3.2.5 Justification for limiting the study to the L6 band PAGEREF _Toc149025733 \h 24 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025734" 6.3.2.6 Net Filter Discrimination (NFD) PAGEREF _Toc149025734 \h 25 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025735" 6.3.2.6.1 General PAGEREF _Toc149025735 \h 25 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025736" 6.3.2.6.2 NFD range of values for selected FS system types and ESV carriers PAGEREF _Toc149025736 \h 26 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025737" 6.3.2.6.2.1 General PAGEREF _Toc149025737 \h 26 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025738" 6.3.2.6.2.2 Case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. is limited PAGEREF _Toc149025738 \h 28 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025739" 6.3.2.6.2.3 Case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. and e.i.r.p. spectral density are limited PAGEREF _Toc149025739 \h 29 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025740" 6.3.2.6.2.4 Case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. and e.i.r.p. spectral density are limited but with a higher e.i.r.p. spectral density limit PAGEREF _Toc149025740 \h 31 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025741" 6.3.3 Variations of the NFD value with ESVs PAGEREF _Toc149025741 \h 34 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025742" 6.4 Case of an ESV located below the FSR main beam axis. PAGEREF _Toc149025742 \h 35 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025743" 6.4.1 Case of a flat Earth PAGEREF _Toc149025743 \h 35 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025744" 6.4.2 Case of a spherical Earth PAGEREF _Toc149025744 \h 37 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025745" 6.4.2.1 FSR and ESV horizons PAGEREF _Toc149025745 \h 37 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025746" 6.4.2.2 Case where the ESV is in line of sight of the FSR PAGEREF _Toc149025746 \h 37 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025747" 6.4.2.3 Case where the ESV is beyond the horizon of the FSR PAGEREF _Toc149025747 \h 38 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025748" 6.4.3 Level of interference from an ESV located below the FSR antenna main beam axis PAGEREF _Toc149025748 \h 39 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025749" 6.4.4 Variations of the EMBED Equation.DSMT4 function with the ESV location PAGEREF _Toc149025749 \h 40 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025750" 6.4.5 Minimum distances (d0) below the FSR main beam axis PAGEREF _Toc149025750 \h 42 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025751" 6.5 Case where the ESV is not located below the FSR antenna main beam axis PAGEREF _Toc149025751 \h 45 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025752" 6.5.1 General PAGEREF _Toc149025752 \h 45 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025753" 6.5.2 Geometry PAGEREF _Toc149025753 \h 45 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025754" 6.5.3 Contour of constant level of interference PAGEREF _Toc149025754 \h 46 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025755" 6.5.4 Zone where the short term performance criteria threshold are exceeded PAGEREF _Toc149025755 \h 49 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025756" 6.6 Minimum distance in the case of moving ESVs PAGEREF _Toc149025756 \h 51 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025757" 6.6.1 General PAGEREF _Toc149025757 \h 51 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025758" 6.6.2 Description of the method PAGEREF _Toc149025758 \h 51 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025759" 6.6.3 Propagation loss versus the ESV distance PAGEREF _Toc149025759 \h 53 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025760" 6.6.4 Cumulative distribution functions (FI(i/n)) of the (I/N) ratio PAGEREF _Toc149025760 \h 54 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025761" 6.6.5 Scenarios and results PAGEREF _Toc149025761 \h 55 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025762" 6.7 ESV distances to the FSR and to the coast PAGEREF _Toc149025762 \h 60 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025763" 6.8 Case of several ESVs moving in different directions PAGEREF _Toc149025763 \h 61 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025764" 7 Conclusions PAGEREF _Toc149025764 \h 62 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025765" ANNEX 1: INTEGRAL OF A FUNCTION GIVEN IN dBs AND LINEAR ON SUCCESSIVE SEGMENTS PAGEREF _Toc149025765 \h 64 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025766" A1. 1 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc149025766 \h 64 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025767" A1. 2 Product of transfer functions PAGEREF _Toc149025767 \h 64 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025768" A1. 3 Integral of the product of transfer functions PAGEREF _Toc149025768 \h 65 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025769" ANNEX 2: METHOD OF THE COMPUTATION OF F(I/N) FOR SEVERAL ESVs PER DAY PAGEREF _Toc149025769 \h 66 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025770" A2.1 General PAGEREF _Toc149025770 \h 66 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025771" A2.2 ESV travel duration PAGEREF _Toc149025771 \h 68 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025772" A2.3 Determination of n and T^T corresponding to the number of ESVs per day PAGEREF _Toc149025772 \h 69 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025773" A2.4 Computation of the probability of a sum of random variables with a sliding window technique PAGEREF _Toc149025773 \h 69 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025774" annex 3: CASE OF SEVERAL ESVs MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS PAGEREF _Toc149025774 \h 73 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025775" annex 4: Methods for reducing the minimum distances d0 and dc PAGEREF _Toc149025775 \h 75 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc149025776" A4.1. Solutions for reducing the minimum distances PAGEREF _Toc149025776 \h 75 Compatibility of Earth stations on Board Vessels Transmitting within the gapS in the CEPT Fixed Service channel plan for the lower 6GHz BAND (5925-6425MHz) Introduction WRC-03 adopted Resolution 902 [1] which prohibits Earth Stations aboard Vessels (ESV) transmissions within 300km from the low water mark as officially recognised by the administration of the coastal state, in the lower 6GHz band (alias L6 band) from 5925MHz to 6425MHz, unless prior agreement is obtained from the concerned administration. These restrictions are necessary to protect the Fixed Service (FS) in the same band from co-channel interference from the ESVs. ECC decision (05)09 [2] and ECC decision (05)10 [3] were adopted to facilitate the free circulation and use of ESVs operating respectively within the 6/4GHz frequency bands and within the 14/12GHz frequency bands. ECC adopted Report 069 [4] recommends formats for submission of information from administrations to the Office on their requirements for operation of ESVs within the separation distances identified in ITU-R Resolution 902 (WRC-03) [1]. Unlike the Ku band where the 14 14.25GHz frequency band is not used by FS in Europe, the L6 band is extensively used by FS in Europe for long haul high capacity links which can not be accommodated in the higher frequency bands. Due to: the global coverage of the satellites in the L6 band used by long distance ESVs; the continued growth of capacity needs for ESV networks; the requirement for bandwidth with "always on" capability; an increased desire to operate closer to the coastlines than 300km in this band. it is necessary to explore parts of the L6 band that are not used by FS in Europe. Such radio spectrum was identified to be the gaps in the L6 CEPT FS channel plan. The ERC Recommendation 14-01 [5] gives the channel plan for the L6 band which provides for 8 x 29.65MHz channels between 5930.375MHz and 6167.575MHz and a further 8 x 29.65MHz channels between 6182.415MHz and 6419.615MHz, as shown in REF _Ref132016134 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 1 below. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: ERC Recommendation 14-01 channel plan This leaves the following spectrum potentially available for use by ESVs: Lower gap: 5925.000 to 5930.375MHz (5.375MHz bandwidth) Centre gap: 6167.575 to 6182.415MHz (14.84MHz bandwidth) Upper gap: 6419.615 to 6425.000MHz (5.385MHz bandwidth). The ESVs are moving and create a different interference scenario than fixed earth stations, making impractical the usual coordination on a case by case basis between ESVs and FS. Therefore this report examines the feasibility of ESV operation in the channel plan gaps within the 300km regulatory exclusion zone without the need for detailed coordination, while maintaining the FS protection requirements. In the remainder of this report, the details of representative ESV and FS system characteristics employed in the interference modelling are outlined. This is followed by a description of the interference analysis methodology and sharing scenarios. The results of the analysis are then provided. Finally, the key conclusions of the work are presented. The guidance in this report is intended for Administrations wishing to develop regulations facilitating ESVs' operation closer than the 300km regulatory exclusion limit from their coastlines, for the L6 band. References The present document makes reference to the following documents: [1] Resolution 902 (WRC-03): "Provisions relating to earth stations located on board vessels which operate in fixed-satellite service networks in the uplink bands 5925 - 6425MHz and 14 - 14.5GHz" [2] ECC/DEC/(05)09: "ECC Decision of 24 June 2005 on the free circulation and use of Earth Stations on board Vessels operating in Fixed Satellite service networks in the frequency bands 5925-6425MHz (Earth-to-space) and 3700-4200MHz (space-to-Earth)" [3] ECC/DEC/(05)10: "ECC Decision of 24 June 2005 on the free circulation and use of Earth Stations on board Vessels operating in fixed satellite service networks in the frequency bands 14-14.5GHz (Earth-to-space), 10.7-11.7GHz (space-to-Earth) and 12.5-12.75GHz (space-to-Earth)" [4] ECC Report 069: "Formats for submission of information from administrations to the Office on conditions for operation of Earth stations aboard vessels within the separation distances identified in ITU-R Resolution 902" [5] ERC Recommendation 14-01(ERC/REC 14-01): "Radio-frequency channel arrangements for high capacity analogue and digital radio-relay systems operating in the band 5925MHz - 6425MHz" [6] ITU-R Recommendation SF.1650: "The minimum distance from the baseline beyond which in-motion earth stations located on board vessels would not cause unacceptable interference to the terrestrial service in the bands 5925-6425MHz and 14-14.5GHz" [7] ITU-R Recommendation P.452-7: "Prediction procedure for the evaluation of microwave interference between stations on the surface of the earth at frequencies above about 0.7GHz" [8] ITU-R Recommendation F.1245: "Mathematical model of average radiation patterns for line-of-sight point-to-point radio-relay system antennas for use in certain coordination studies and interference assessment in the frequency range from 1 to about 40 GHz" [9] IESS 308: "Intelsat Earth Station Standards (IESS); Performance characteristics for intermediate data rate digital carriers using convolutional encoding/Viterbi encoding and QPSK modulation (QPSK/IDR)" [10] IESS 309: "Intelsat Earth Station Standards (IESS); Performance characteristics for Intelsat business services (IBS) (Standard A, B, C, E, F, H and K Earth Stations)" [11] EN 301 447: "ETSI Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series); Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Harmonized EN for satellite Earth Stations on board Vessels (ESVs) operating in the 4/6GHz frequency bands allocated to the Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) covering essential requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE directive" [12] EN 302 217-2-2: " ETSI Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series); Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point to point equipment and antennas; Part 2-2: Harmonized EN covering essential requirements of Article 3.2 of R&TTE Directive for digital systems operating in frequency bands where frequency co ordination is applied" [13] TR 101 854: "ETSI Technical Report; Fixed Radio Systems; Point-to-point equipment; Derivation of receiver interference parameters useful for planning fixed service point-to-point systems operating different equipment classes and/or capacities" [14] ERC Recommendation 14-02 (ERC/REC 14-02): "Radio-frequency channel arrangements for medium and high capacity analogue or high capacity digital radio-relay systems operating in the band 6425MHz - 7125MHz" [15] EESS 500: "Eutelsat Satellite Multiservice System (SMS) earth station standard (Standard S)" [16] IESS 601: "Intelsat Earth Station Standards (IESS); Standard G performance characteristics for earth stations accessing the Intelsat space segment for international and domestic services not covered by other earth station standards (6/4, 14/11 and 14/12GHz). Definitions For the purpose of the present document the following definitions apply: altitude: altitude is defined above the mean sea level height: height is defined above the ground level Abbreviations and acronyms For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations and acronyms apply: angle between the moving ESV direction and the FSR antenna main beam axis BER Bit Error Ratio BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying CCDP Co Channel Dual Polarized CEPT Conference Europenne des Postes et Tlcommunications CS Channel Spacing CW Carrier Wave dc minimum distance of the ESV to the coast drc distance of the receiver (i.e. the FSR) to the coast d0 minimum distance of the ESV to the FSR df guard-band between the Fs channel and the ESV carrier ECC Electronic Communications Committee (of CEPT) e.i.r.p. Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power EESS Eutelsat Earth Station Standard EN European Norm (standard) ES Errored Second ESV Earth Station on board a Vessel ETSI European Telecommunication Standardisation Institute FEC Forward Error Correction FS Fixed Service FSL Free Space Loss FSR Fixed Service Receiver FSS Fixed Satellite Service GIBO Global Input Back-Off GLG ESV Gain - Propagation Loss + FSR Gain HPA High Power Amplifier HPBW Half Power BeamWidth IBO Input Back-Off IESS Intelsat Earth Station Standards IF Intermediate Frequency ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-R ITU Radiocommunications standardization sector LNA Low Noise Amplifier LO Local Oscillator LTAg Long Term - Aggregate criterion LTSI Long Term criterion for a single interferer nPSK n states Phase Shift Keying PhN Phase Noise floor p.s.d. power spectral density QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QPSK Quadratic Phase Shift Keying modem MOdulator/DEModulator NFD Net Filter Discrimination Rx Receive SES Severely Errored Second SI Single Interferer criterion SLL Side Lobes Levels STM-1 Synchronous Transport Module Level 1 (155,520Mbit/s) STM-4 Synchronous Transport Module Level 4 (622,080Mbit/s) STES Short Term interference criterion for Errored Seconds STSES Short Term interference criterion for Severely Errored Seconds TR ETSI Technical Report Tx Transmit WRC World Radiocommunication Conference Notations For the purposes of the present document, the following notations apply: TitleGreen cell of a table containing a title or a labelConstantBrown cell of a table containing a constantDataYellow cell of a table containing an input dataResultBlue cell of a table containing a computed result EMBED Equation.3 means "a" is equal to "b" plus "c" by definition EMBED Equation.DSMT4 means "a" is equal to "b" plus "c" by deduction EMBED Equation.DSMT4 means that the new value of "a" is equal to the previous value of "a" plus "b" EMBED Equation.DSMT4 function giving the value of the closest integer less than or equal to the value of the variable EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Examples: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 function giving the maximum value of the variables EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 function giving the minimum value of the variables EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Dirac function of the variable EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fourier transform of the function EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 inverse Fourier transform of the function EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fast Fourier Transform EMBED Equation.DSMT4 inverse Fast Fourier Transform Methodology Interference to an FSR from an ESV Maximum acceptable levels of interference (Imax) and interference criteria The level of interference (Imax) which may not be exceeded for more than a given percentage of the time is defined with the maximum value EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of the ratio EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the equivalent noise level of the FSR receiver at the antenna flange, and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the level of interference received by the FSR from an ESV, at the FSR antenna flange: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and the system temperature is: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: k is the Boltzmann's constant (k=-228.6dBW/K/Hz), FLNA is the FSR Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) noise factor corresponding to the noise figure 10*log(FLNA) in dBs, T0 is the reference temperature (T0=290 K), TAntenna is FSR antenna temperature, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the FSR receiver noise bandwidth, LFeeder is the FSR antenna feeder loss ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ). The following typical values are used FS Receiver (FSR)Antenna temperature300 KFeeder loss3dBReceiver noise figure4.125dBReceiver bandwidth22906kHzFSR noise temperature750 KFSR system temperature2085 KN-121.81dBWTable SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1: FSR noise level at the antenna flange In order to limit adjacent channel interference to the FS, some offset between the edge of a gap in the FS channel plan and the nearest ESV carrier will be needed. The receiver bandwidth which will be used to determine the required frequency offset (df) which yields an NFD of at least 35dB is the receiver bandwidth of FS carrier type S1 with a 40% roll-off (see REF _Ref120072225 \h \* MERGEFORMAT in section REF _Ref121205413 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT 6.3.2.3). As can be seen in REF _Ref131592181 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 16 to REF _Ref131592238 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 24 this receiver bandwidth is applicable for frequency offset (df) greater than 1.4MHz to 1.7MHz depending on the limitations on the ESV e.i.r.p. and the e.i.r.p. spectral density. Three sets of interference criteria have been considered within this report (criteria sets 1 to 3), as described in Table 2. Note that the short term criteria for Errored Seconds (ESs) and Severely Errored Seconds (SESs) are taken from ITU-R Rec. SF.1650 [6]. The long term criteria for single entry and aggregate interference are based on ITU-R Recs. F.758, SF.1006. Interference criteriaLTSI'LTSI"LTAg'LTAg"STESsSTSESsNumber of interferers11AllAllAllAllMax. time percentage20%20%20%20%4,50x10-4%1,20x10-5%(I/N)max-19dB-10dB-10dB-20dB+19dB+23dBImax-140,81dBW-131,81dBW-131,81dBW-141,81dBW-102,81dBW-98,81dBWCriteria set #1XXXXCriteria set #2XXXCriteria set #3XXXLTSI: Long Term - Single Entry LTAg: Long Term - Aggregate SI: Single Interferer STES: Short Term interference criterion for Errored Seconds STSES: Short Term interference criterion for Severely Errored SecondsTable SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2: Interference criteria Interference level (I) received by the FSR The level of interference (I) received by the FSR at its antenna flange from the ESV is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV e.i.r.p. of all transmitted signals (in-band, out-of-band and spurious signals) for the off-axis angle EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of the direction towards the FSR, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the propagation loss between the ESV and the FSR at distance EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the FSR antenna reference gain for the off-axis angle EMBED Equation.DSMT4 in the direction towards the ESV, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the Net Filter Discrimination of the ESV signal by the FSR receiver. Propagation loss between the ESV and the FSR The propagation loss EMBED Equation.DSMT4 between the ESV and the FSR is computed according to ITU-R Recommendation P.452-7 [7]: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the frequency, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the annual mean surface refractivity in N-units (See Rec. P.452 [7]), EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the annual delta-N value (See Rec. P.452 [7]), EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the effective value of beta, i.e., beta-r with latitude and longitude correction (See Rec. P.452 [7]), EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is a table giving for each point of the path between the ESV and the FSR (See example in Fig. 50): the distance to the FSR, the ground altitude above the sea level, the climate: land, coastal or sea, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the FSR antenna height above ground level. The FSR ground altitude is one of the data in Profile, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV antenna height above sea level, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the FSR antenna gain in the direction of the ESV EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the ESV antenna gain in the direction of the FSR, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the distance of the ESV from the FSR, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the time percentage over one year for which loss is not exceeded. REF _Ref131590973 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Error! Reference source not found. gives the values of the parameters used for propagation loss computation. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 330 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 50,0 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 1,35 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 0dBi EMBED Equation.DSMT4 0dBiCoastal width50kmTable SEQ Table \* ARABIC 3: Parameters used for propagation loss computation The free space loss between the ESV and the FSR when they are within line-of-sight of each other is given by: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the wave length, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the distance between the FSR and the ESV. ESV characteristics ESV density According to industry estimates, there are about 800 ships equipped with C-band ESVs operating on a world-wide basis. Due to the size of these systems (2.4 m or larger and over 700 kg) and the cost of the C-band space segment, all of these systems are on very large cruise ships with large operational areas or ships that support specialized applications, such as seismic mapping, where broadband connections are required far from the coast. Cruising in European waters is very popular during the summer months (April through September). Many of these cruise ships migrate from other areas of the world for the European cruise season and, therefore, if they have ESVs, these are likely to be C-band ESVs. The actual number of C-band ESVs operating in European waters is not known as there are no official records for them currently. However, if we base the estimate on the statistics for the worldwide distribution of cruise ships, it would be reasonable to assume that there would be less than 150 ships equipped with C-band ESVs operating in European waters during the Summer months and these ships would be spread across all parts of the Atlantic seaboard from the North Cape of Norway to the Straits of Gibraltar and throughout the Baltic and Mediterranean seas. During the winter months there are very few ships equipped with C-band ESVs operating in European waters and these will be primarily ships that are making trans-Atlantic voyages. In order to correctly characterize the potential for interference from an ESV to an FSR and to bound the calculations within a reasonable limit, it is necessary to focus on the busiest cruise months and certain busy locations where many vessels will travel within a short distance, such as in the English Channel or the Straits of Gibraltar. Using a database of ship-location reports from the 2005 summer season, the busiest locations have been identified that are susceptible to receive the highest amount of interference (i.e. where a south-pointing ESV is within a commonly traversed waterway and the coast is directly south of this location). Nevertheless, only one occasion was identified where three C-band ESVs passed the same point within a 24-hour period and that location is in the English channel near the tip of the Cherbourg peninsula (Latitude: 49.717/N; West longitude: 1.950). Number of ESVs per day For 150 ESVs along the approximately 28000km of the European coasts, the mean distance between ESVs is about 187km. Therefore, if the speed of these ESVs is equal to 18.3km/h (i.e. 10 knots, the typical minimum speed identified in Recommendation ITU-R SF.1650 [6]), an ESV passes by an FSR main beam every 10 hours and 12 minutes. Thus during the summer months the mean number of ESVs per day would be 2.35. For the purpose of the present study three values have been selected: 1 ESV/day, 1.5 ESVs/day and 3 ESVs/day. These values are those which were used in the ITU-R Recommendation SF.1650 [6] that led to adoption of ITU-R Resolution 902 [1]. ESV speed Most vessels travel at full speed when they are 10km from the coast or beyond. For modern cruise ships, the typical speed is between 18 and 25 knots. In this speed range, vessels are required to maintain a safety distance in order to prevent collision. This mandatory separation of vessels underway plays a significant role in the probability distribution of ESV transmissions. The usual safety distance for ships travelling a t 1 5 k n o t s o r m o r e i s a r o u n d 5 n a u t i c a l m i l e s ( H" 9 . 2 5 k m ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e w i d t h o f t h e h a l f p o w e r b e a m w i d t h o f t h e F S R a t 2 0 k m d i s t a n c e i s o n l y 7 0 0 m . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t w h i l e E S V s m a i n t a i n a m i n i m u m s e p a r a t i o n d i s t a n c e o f a t l e a s t 9km, the probability of two ESVs being as close as 700m in distance is very low. Moreover, given the high density of shipping traffic in European waters and the low proportion of ships equipped with C-band ESVs to all other ships, there is a very high probability that many ships without an ESV will come between those equipped with ESVs, which lowers the probability density even further. For the purpose of the present study the speed of the ESV was assumed to be equal to 18.3km/h (10 knots). This value is the typical minimum value for ESV speed, when in open waters, used in the ITU-R Recommendation SF.1650 [6] that led to adoption of ITU-R Resolution 902 [1]. ESV antenna height Information from ESV operators indicates that ESV antenna heights can range from 3.5 m, as a minimum, to a maximum of about 50 m. For the purpose of the present study the ESV antenna height was assumed to be equal to 40m. This value is the typical value for ESV height used in the ITU-R Recommendation SF.1650 [6] that led to adoption of ITU-R Resolution 902 [1]. ESV antenna ESV antenna diameter and efficiency ITU-R Resolution 902 [1] requires that the antenna diameters are not lower than 2.4m for 6/4GHz band ESVs. For the purpose of the present study, a typical ESV antenna with the following characteristics has been used: diameter: 2.4m, efficiency: 65.8%, on-axis gain at 6175GHz: 42dBi.Remark: An ESV transmitting the same e.i.r.p. towards the satellite but with a larger antenna will radiate off-axis emissions at a lower level. ESV antenna gain pattern The ESV antenna gain ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) within the ESV antenna main beam is obtained by application of the method specified in the ITU-R Recommendation F.1245-0 (1997) [8] for off-axis angles EMBED Equation.DSMT4 lower than EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , as defined within that Recommendation. The ESV antenna off-axis gain is such that 90% of the side lobe peaks, for off-axis angles EMBED Equation.DSMT4 greater than EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is as specified in REF _Ref131578298 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Table 4: Angle off-axis EMBED Equation.DSMT4 []Ideal off-axis gain [dBi] 2.5 < ( < 2029 25 log(( []) 20 < ( < 26.3-3.5 26.3 < ( < 4832 25 log (( []) 48 < ( < 18010Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 4: Off-axis gain of an ESV antenna, for EMBED Equation.DSMT4 In order to take account of the side lobe peaks, for the present report the ESV antenna off-axis gain is assumed to be 3dB above the limit specified in REF _Ref131578298 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Table 4. An example is given in REF _Ref132082974 \h Figure 2. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2: ESV antenna (2,4m, 65,8% efficiency) ideal gain at 6,175GHz ESV power spectral density (p.s.d.) A generic mask of the power spectral density (p.s.d.), relative to the unmodulated carrier power, of a modulated carrier using a roll-off shaping filter ((=40%) at the output of the HPA of an ESV was proposed by ETSI TC SES WG MAR ESV. It is defined by the following table 5: |f-fc| EMBED Equation.DSMT4 =0 to 7.88 x Bn EMBED Equation.DSMT4 7.88 x Bn to 84MHz EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 5: ESV power spectral density mask where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the considered frequency; EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the carrier central frequency; EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the power spectral density of the transmitted signal at the frequency, f, at the reference point (e.g. the antenna flange); EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the power spectral density of the transmitted signal at the carrier frequency, fc, at the reference point (e.g. the antenna flange); Bn is the Nyquist bandwidth of the transmitted signal, Bn=xkHz including FEC and overhead for a transmission at xkbaud using one of the following modulations: BPSK, QPSK, nPSK, 2nQAM; EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the power spectral density (p.s.d.) relative to an unmodulated carrier of a modulated carrier (QPSK, 40% roll-off) at the output of an HPA, generated by an ideal modulator. The generic HPA p.s.d. mask is defined by the following table: |f-fc| EMBED Equation.DSMT4 =|f-fc| EMBED Equation.DSMT4 =0.00 x Bn0.002.46 x Bn-42.320.41 x Bn-0.202.72 x Bn-51.900.58 x Bn-6.003.46 x Bn-52.620.72 x Bn-24.603.73 x Bn-61.000.90 x Bn-27.604.60 x Bn-61.601.47 x Bn-27.497.88 x Bn-71.561.68 x Bn-41.40Note: Within each frequency interval EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is linearly interpolated indB/Hz. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the noise power spectral density relative to the unmodulated carrier power of the modem and up-converter local oscillators (LOs). It is a function of the frequency EMBED Equation.DSMT4 . A typical pattern is defined by the following table 6: |f-fc| EMBED Equation.DSMT4 =0 to 32MHz EMBED Equation.DSMT4 32MHz to 84MHz EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 6: ESV LOs power spectral density mask EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 for a frequency offset of about 1MHz, where the p.s.d. becomes constant. For the generic ESV spectrum mask the following typical value is used: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Within the Intelsat Earth Station Specifications (IESS) 308 [9] and 309 [10] the maximum permitted value of the phase noise floor is -90dBc/Hz. The values of the modems are between this maximum value and -130dBc/Hz. The purpose of this IESS maximum value is not for the protection of the spectrum, but for an acceptable Eb/N0 ratio at the demodulator input, when taking account the remaining noise from the carrier recovery system. Within the ETSI EN 301 447 [11] applicable to ESVs, there is no requirement on the value of this parameter but some other specifications may indirectly limit the value of this parameter. For a wanted signal transmitted with a given e.i.r.p. ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) within a given Nyquist bandwidth (Bn), then: the in-band p.s.d. is equal to: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the out-of-band noise floor p.s.d. is equal to: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the ratio of the in-band p.s.d. to the out-of-band noise floor p.s.d. is equal to: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The larger is the Nyquist bandwidth (Bn), the lower is the above ratio, as shown within the following table 7 for a phase noise floor of -120dBc/Hz. Bit rate [kbit/s]6412825651210242048FEC3/43/43/43/43/43/4ModulationQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKBn [kHz]42.785.3170.7341.3682.71365.3Ratio [dB]747168656259Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 7: In-band p.s.d. to out-of-band noise floor p.s.d. ratio for various bit rates An example spectrum mask is represented on REF _Ref116872243 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Error! Reference source not found. for a carrier with the parameters values given in REF _Ref116872095 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Table 8: Information Rate2 048kbit/sFEC ratio3/4Data rate including overhead2 048kbit/sTransmitted bit rate2730.667kbit/sModulation rate2 bit/HzNyquist bandwidth (Bn)1365.333kHzOn-axis e.i.r.p.58.00dBWPhase noise floor level-120.0dBc/Hz EMBED Equation.DSMT4 58.65dBTable SEQ Table \* ARABIC 8: ESV transmitted carrier spectrum mask parameters Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3: Example of ESV transmitted carrier spectrum mask over 16 x Bn Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 4: Example of ESV transmitted carrier spectrum mask over 84MHz Remark: No information was available on the noise floor mask of modulators and up-converters using the L band as Intermediate Frequency (IF). For the continuous phase noise, only the noise floor has been taken into account. Other contributions to the phase noise are considered to be negligible. Discrete phase noise components are assumed to have negligible impact on the potential for interference to an FS carrier. ESV off-axis e.i.r.p. of the wanted signal The ESV e.i.r.p. of the wanted signal for the off-axis angle EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of the direction towards the FSR is given by: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. of the wanted signal, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV on-axis antenna gain, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV off-axis antenna gain for the angle EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of the direction towards the FSR. ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. of the wanted signal Typical values of ESV parameters were proposed by ETSI TC SES WG MAR ESV. They are given within the following table: Data rate [kbit/s]FEC ratioModulationTx rate [kbaud] Nyquist Bandwidth [kHz]Estimated Peak On-axis e.i.r.p. [dBW]Estimated peak on-axis e.i.r.p. density [dBW/(kbit/s)]Estimated peak on-axis e.i.r.p. spectral density [dBW/kHz]641/2QPSK644324.9424.941281/2QPSK1284624.9324.932561/2QPSK2564924.9224.925121/2QPSK5125224.9124.9110241/2QPSK10245524.9024.9020481/2QPSK20485824.8924.89643/4QPSK434324.9426.671283/4QPSK854624.9326.712563/4QPSK1714924.9226.675123/4QPSK3415224.9126.6710243/4QPSK6835524.9026.6620483/4QPSK13655824.8926.65 From these data the following two approximations may be used: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV data rate, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the Nyquist bandwidth of the ESV transmitted signal. ESV limitations Limits of ITU-R Resolution 902 ESV e.i.r.p. towards the horizon The ESV e.i.r.p. of the wanted signal towards the horizon is limited by ITU-R Resolution 902 [1] to 20.8dBW in the frequency band from 5925MHz to 6425MHz. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The ESV e.i.r.p. towards the horizon is given by: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV main beam axis elevation. ESV e.i.r.p. spectral density towards the horizon The ESV e.i.r.p. spectral density of the wanted signal towards the horizon is limited by ITU-R Resolution 902 [1] to 17dB(W/MHz) in the frequency band from 5925MHz to 6425MHz. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The ESV e.i.r.p. spectral density towards the horizon is given by: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. maximum spectral density measured in any 1MHz bandwidth, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV main beam axis elevation, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the Nyquist bandwidth of the ESV transmitted signal. Limits of EN 301 447 The ETSI EN 301 447 [11] contains other specifications which mainly limit the off-axis out-of-band emissions. FSR characteristics FSR antenna FSR antenna diameter Three values for the FSR antenna diameter are used 1.20m, 1.80m and 3.00m corresponding to on-axis gains equal to 36dBi, 40dBi and 44dBi, at 6.2GHz. FSR antenna gain pattern The FSR antenna gain pattern used is the one recommended in ITU-R Rec. F.1245-0 (Mathematical model of average radiation patterns for line-of-sight point-to-point radio-relay system antennas for use in certain coordination studies and interference assessment in the frequency range from 1GHz to about 40GHz) [8]. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 5: FSR antenna (3m, 64.6% efficiency) gain pattern Three types of FSR antenna were considered, each complying with ITU-R Recommendation F.1245 [8]: Antenna diameterAntenna efficiencyFrequencyFSR on-axis gainFSR half beamwidthmMHzdBi1.2064.0%592535.501.462617535.861.402642536.201.3481.8071.5%592539.500.974617539.860.935642540.210.8993.0064.6%592543.500.585617543.860.561642544.200.539Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 9: FSR antenna characteristics FS receiver filters and NFD Selected typical FS systems The following types of FS system considered have been taken from ETSI EN 302 217-2-2 [12] Part 2 Annexes B and C, within the U6 and L6 band: in L6 band listed in Table B-4 in Annex B of ETSI EN 302 217-2-2 [12]: B.1-2 - 34Mbit/s - 28/29MHz, B.1-2 - 34Mbit/s - 29.65/30MHz, B.2-5A (type 1) - STM-1 - 28/29MHz, B.2-5A (type 1) - STM-1 29.65/30MHz, in U6 band listed in Table C-4 in Annex C of of ETSI EN 302 217-2-2 [12]: C.1, C.2. REF _Ref126050415 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 6 and REF _Ref126050571 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 6: L6 band FS transmitter masks show FS transmitter masks for various system types. The receiver selectivity masks were derived from the transmit spectrum masks in accordance with TR 101 854 [13]. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 6: L6 band FS transmitter masks Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 7: U6 band FS transmitter masks FS transmitter spectrum mask The main parameters of the selected FS system types are given in REF _Ref119983806 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Error! Reference source not found.. FS system # in this reportS1S2S3S4FS system reference in EN 302 217B.1B.2C.1C.2Spectrum efficiency class25A (Type 1)5B(ACCP/CCDP & Type 1)6A(ACAP)Nominal payload bit rateMbit/s34STM-1up to 2 STM-1STM-4 or 2 STM-1Payload bit rateMbit/s34155.52311.04 2 x 311.04Channel spacingMHz29.6529.65402 x 40Tx spectrum maskf(1)MHz11131419.5f(2)MHz192019.525f(3)MHz25402427f(4)MHz45505435f(5)MHz6738.4Gain (1)dB1111Gain (2)dB-23-35-10-32Gain (3)dB-23-45-35-32Gain (4)dB-45-55-40-50Gain (5)dB-55-55Co-channel external interference sensitivityC/I values for 1dB degradation of the 10-6 BER limitdB23343743C/I values for 3dB degradation of the 10-6 BER limitdB19313339.5CW interference I/C2.5xCS < f < 5xCSdB30303030Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 10: Selected FS system types main parameters Selected FS system types' receive filter parameters The receive filter parameters of the selected FS system types are given in Table 11. They have been obtained by application of the method described in Annex F of the ETSI TR 101 854 [13] for roll-off values of 20%, 30% and 40%. FS system #S1S2S3S4FS system EN 302 217B.1B.2C.1C.2Spectrum efficiency class25A (type 1)5B (ACCP/CCDP) & Type 16A (ACCP)Nominal payload bit rateMbit/s34STM-1up to 2 STM-1STM-4 or 2 STM-1Payload bit rateMbit/s34155.52311.04622.08Channel spacingMHz29.6529.654040FSR_Rx_filter_table for 20% roll-offf [kHz]Gain [dB]f [kHz]Gain [dB]f [kHz]Gain [dB]f [kHz]Gain [dB]Point (0)00.0000.0000.0000.00Point (1)9 6010.0010 6170.0012 3970.0015 1400.00Point (2)12 001-3.0013 272-3.0015 496-3.0018 925-3.00Point (3)14 347-35.0015 909-46.0018 575-46.0022 681-44.50Point (4)28 667-53.0025 444-64.0032 611-67.0036 091-73.00Point (5) (See Note 1)74 125-53.0074 125-64.00100 000-67.00100 000-73.00FSR Nyquist frequency (See Note 2)kHz12001.24113271.71515495.79618924.909FSR roll_off20%20%20%20%FSR_Rx_filter_table for 30% roll-offf [kHz]Gain [dB]f [kHz]Gain [dB]f [kHz]Gain [dB]f [kHz]Gain [dB]Point (0)00.0000.0000.0000.00Point (1)8 2700.008 8860.0010 7690.0012 4930.00Point (2)11 814-3.0012 695-3.0015 384-3.0017 847-3.00Point (3)15 278-35.0016 479-46.0019 970-46.0023 161-44.50Point (4)28 667-53.0025 444-64.0032 611-67.0036 091-73.00Point (5) (See Note 1)74 125-53.0074 125-64.00100 000-67.00100 000-73.00FSR Nyquist frequency (See Note 2)kHz11814.00412694.75815384.34217847.325FSR roll_off30%30%30%30%FSR_Rx_filter_table for 40% roll-offf [kHz]Gain [dB]f [kHz]Gain [dB]f [kHz]Gain [dB]f [kHz]Gain [dB]Point (0)00.0000.0000.0000.00Point (1)6 8720.007 2390.009 0050.0010 0830.00Point (2)11 453-3.0012 065-3.0015 009-3.0016 805-3.00Point (3)15 931-35.0016 860-46.0020 974-46.0023 476-44.50Point (4)28 667-53.0025 444-64.0032 611-67.0036 091-73.00Point (5) (See Note 1)74 125-53.0074 125-64.00100 000-67.00100 000-73.00FSR Nyquist frequencykHz11453.06712064.96315008.71416804.983FSR roll_off40%40%40%40%Note 1: The value of the frequency of the point 5 is equal to 2.5 times the channel spacing. The value given within the row corresponds to one of the channel spacing values. Note 2: For definition of Nyquist frequency see Table 12.Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 11: Selected FS system types' receive filter parameters The receive filter gain patterns for 40% roll-off are represented in the following Figures 8-11. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 8: FS system S1 Tx spectrum mask and Rx filter Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 9: FS system S2 Tx spectrum mask and Rx filter Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 10: FS system S3 Tx spectrum mask and Rx filter Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 11: FS system S4 Tx spectrum mask and Rx filter FS receiver filter gain pattern The gain ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the FS receiver filter is defined by the following table: Frequency ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 )Gain ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 12: FS receiver filter amplitude response (gain) where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the considered frequency; EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the FS receive filter central frequency; EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the frequency of the kth point of the FS receive filter given within the "FSR_Rx_filter_table" in Table 11; EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the gain of the kth point of the FS receive filter given within the "FSR_Rx_filter_table" in Table 11; EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the Nyquist frequency of the FS receive filter; it is equal to half of the Nyquist bandwidth of both the transmit and receive filters; EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is equal to the second value ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the "FSR_Rx_filter_table" in Table 11;. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the roll-off ratio of the FS receive filter; it is equal to: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Justification for limiting the study to the L6 band According to the ERC Recommendation 14-02 [14], within the U6 frequency band the lowest channel edge frequency is at 5MHz from the U6 lower bound (i.e. 6425MHz) for 20MHz channel spacing and at 15MHz from the U6 lower bound (i.e. 6425MHz) for 40MHz channel spacing. The selected systems within U6 use 40MHz channel spacing. EMBED Word.Picture.8 EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 12: First channels within the U6 frequency band according to ERC/REC 14-02 As shown on REF _Ref124068230 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 13, systems S3 and S4, operating within U6 frequency band, will be substantially less affected by adjacent channel interference from ESV carriers operating below 6425MHz than systems S1 and S2, operating within L6 frequency band. Thus only system types S1 and S2 were taken into account. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 13: NFD of the S1 to S4 receiver filters for a 2,048Mbit/s ESV carrier In each case df is the frequency difference between the edge of the FSR channel and the edge of the ESV carrier (see also REF _Ref128890033 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT 6.3.2.6.2). Note that for FS systems S1/S2 and S3/S4 operated in U6 band and ESV operated below 6425 MHz, df will be always greater than 5 MHz or 15 MHz respectively, as may be shown by comparing Fig. 12 with Fig. 14 below. EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 14: FS channels, ESV carriers and guard bands df Net Filter Discrimination (NFD) General The Net Filter Discrimination (NFD) of the FS receiver filter is defined as the ratio of the power ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the interferer measured at the input of the filter to the power ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) measured at the output of the filter. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 In order to avoid confusion between the guard-band (df) with the variation of the frequency (f) within integrals, within this section the frequency (f) is represented by another symbol ((). The p.s.d. ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the interferer at the input of the filter is equal to: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV power spectral density relative to the unmodulated carrier power of the transmitted modulated carrier at the frequency EMBED Equation.DSMT4 at the reference point (e.g. the antenna flange) (See REF _Ref129765802 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT 6.2.6); The p.s.d. ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the interferer at the output of the filter is equal to: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Note: in this section GFSR is used to denote gain of FSR filter, dB, as defined in 6.3.2.4 (Table 12). The power ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the interferer at the output of the filter is equal to: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Then: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 For an un-calibrated ESV spectrum mask EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is an arbitrary scale factor of Pin and Pout which disappears in the final expression of the NFD. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The NFD is a function of: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the ESV carrier centre frequency, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the FSR carrier centre frequency, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the FSR channel bandwidth, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the ESV carrier bandwidth, measured 10 dB below the maximum power spectral density, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the guard-band between the ESV carrier edge and the FS channel edge. The relationship between these parameters is the following: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Within the following sections, the NFD will be considered as a function of the guard-band (df), denoted as EMBED Equation.DSMT4 . NFD range of values for selected FS system types and ESV carriers General For any given ESV spectrum corresponding to given bit rate, HPA back-off and phase noise the NFD may be determined: EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 15: Example of FSR filter gain and ESV spectrum mask for a 2.048Mbit/s carrier The guard-band (df) is defined as the separation in frequency between the edge of the adjacent FS channel and the nearest edge of the ESV carrier. The edge of the ESV carrier is measured 10dB below its maximum in-band power density. With the selected FS system types receiver filters, and for the smallest and largest ESV carriers types, for filter roll-offs ranging from 20% to 40%, the NFD vs. frequency separation for each combination is shown on the following two figures. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 16: FS systems' Rx filter NFD for the minimum channel spacing values and an ESV carrier at 64kbit/s Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 17: FS systems' Rx filter NFD for the minimum channel spacing values and an ESV carrier at 2.048Mbit/s The equations of the level of interference (I) and the FSR noise level (N) within the present section are introduced here in order to help in the determination of the suitable value of the NFD. These equations will be explained with more details later in the document. The level of interference (I) received by the FSR at its antenna flange from the ESV is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where the terms are successively: the ESV off-axis e.i.r.p., the propagation loss, the FSR antenna gain in the direction of the ESV and the NFD of the FSR receiver filter for the guard-band (df). The ESV off-axis e.i.r.p. in the direction of the FSR is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where the terms are successively: the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p., the ESV antenna on-axis gain and the ESV antenna off-axis gain. The noise level of the FSR is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where the terms are successively: the Boltzmann's constant, the FSR system noise temperature at its antenna flange and the FSR noise bandwidth (approximately equal to the Nyquist bandwidth of the wanted signal). Then the (I/N) ratio is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 When an ESV is in a given location, transmitting towards the given satellite a single carrier with a given guard band (df) from the FSR channel edge, the variations of the ratio (I/N) depends on the ESV e.i.r.p., the ESV carrier bit rate or bandwidth and also on the FSR receiver filter roll-off and noise bandwidth . Three cases are considered: the case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. is limited, the case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. and e.i.r.p. spectral density are limited and the case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. and e.i.r.p. spectral density are limited but with a highest e.i.r.p. spectral density. For these 3 cases, the same worst case combination of FSR system, ESV carrier and NFD has been used. NFD=35dB FSR: FS system #: S2 Roll-off: 40% Noise bandwidth: 24 130kHz ESV carrier: Bit rate: 2.048Mbit/s FEC rate: Modulation: QPSK Nyquist bandwidth: 1365.33kHz Spectrum bandwidth at -10dB: 1666kHz (i.e. 1.22 x Nyquist bandwidth). This combination is used within the remaining parts of this study as the only combination to consider, since the other combinations lead to smaller separation distances. Remark: The computations of the minimum distance have been done with a FSR noise bandwidth equal to 24 906kHz (i.e. the FS system #1 Nyquist bandwidth). The noise level difference is equal to 0.23dB. So the computed minimum distances are slightly higher than the minimum distance which would be obtained with a FSR noise bandwidth equal to 24 130kHz. As calculated below, these 3 cases lead to the following three alternatives: CaseESV maximum on-axis e.i.r.p.ESV maximum e.i.r.p. spectral densityMinimum guard band (df)158dBW1700kHz258dBW26.65dBW/kHz1400kHz358dBW29.65dBW/kHz1500kHz Case 3 gives the maximum flexibility to the ESV for the use of the available bandwidth and transmitted power. Case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. is limited In the case of constant on-axis e.i.r.p. (e.g. 58dBW for the highest bit rate: 2.048Mbit/s), the variation of the (I/N) ratio level depends on the variation of the NFD and on the FSR receiver bandwidth, i.e. on the sum S2: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The values of that sum S2 and the corresponding values of the NFD are represented on the following figures for a 64kbit/s carrier and a 2.048Mbit/s carrier. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 18: FS systems' Rx filter S2 and NFD for the minimum channel spacing values and an ESV carrier at 64kbit/s Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 19: FS systems' Rx filter (NFD+Bw) and NFD for the minimum channel spacing values and an ESV carrier at 2.048Mbit/s Due to the fact that with narrow carriers the energy is less spread than with large carriers and that the parts of the ESV spectrum farther from the channel edge are more attenuated than the parts closer to the channel edge, the NFD is higher for large carriers than for narrow carriers. This can be observed in comparing the above figures. In the case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. is limited to a given value (e.g. 58dBW for the highest bit rate (2.048Mbit/s)) and the NFD limited to a minimum value (e.g. 35dB for the highest bit rate) the minimum guard-band (df) is determined for the narrowest carrier: Minimum guard-band df ( 1700kHz for NFD=35dB Remark: 1700kHz is the round value greater than or very close to the maximum of 1705kHz and 1360kHz. Case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. and e.i.r.p. spectral density are limited The ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where the terms are successively: the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. spectral density (in band), and the Nyquist bandwidth of the ESV carrier. In that case, the ratio (I/N) is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 For given on-axis e.i.r.p. spectral density, NFD and FSR receiver bandwidth, the (I/N) ratio for a narrow bandwidth carrier then is lower than for a large bandwidth carrier. The ESV maximum on-axis e.i.r.p. is given by the following equation for the larger carrier bandwidth: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 then: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The variation of the (I/N) ratio level depends on the following sum S3 of parameters: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The values of that sum S3 and the corresponding values of the NFD are represented on the following figures for a 64kbit/s carrier and a 2.048Mbit/s carrier. In the case of a 2.048Mbit/s carrier transmitted with a FEC and QPSK modulation the Nyquist bandwidth ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) is equal to 1365.333kHz. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 20: FS systems' Rx filter sum S3 and NFD for the minimum channel spacing values and an ESV carrier at 2.048Mbit/s Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 21: FS systems' Rx filter sum S3 and NFD for the minimum channel spacing values and an ESV carrier at 64kbit/s In the case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. spectral density is limited to a given value (e.g. 26.65dBW/kHz corresponding to 58dBW for the highest bit rate (2.048Mbit/s)) and the NFD limited to a minimum value (e.g. 35dB) the minimum guard-band (df) is determined for the largest carrier: Minimum guard-band df ( 1400kHz for NFD=35dB for the highest bit rate (2.048Mbit/s) Remark: 1400kHz is the round value greater than or very closer to the maximum of 1200kHz and 1360kHz. Case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. and e.i.r.p. spectral density are limited but with a higher e.i.r.p. spectral density limit More flexibility may be given to the low bit rate carriers, in increasing the maximum on-axis e.i.r.p. spectral density (e.g. by 3dB) but also in limiting the on-axis e.i.r.p. (e.g. to 58dBW). In that case, when EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the permitted increase of the maximum on-axis e.i.r.p. spectral density (e.g. equal to 3dB), the level of interference received by the FSR is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 or: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 In the case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. and e.i.r.p. spectral density are limited to given values (e.g. 58dBW and. 29.65dBW/kHz, instead of 26.65dBW/kHz) and the NFD is limited to a minimum value (e.g. 35dB) the minimum guard-band (df) is determined for the carrier such that: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 For EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 (for a 2.048Mbit/s carrier), then EMBED Equation.DSMT4 (for a 1.024Mbit/s carrier). For a 2.048Mbit/s carrier and NFD=35dB: df=1360kHz and S2=48.83dB Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 22: FS systems' Rx filter sum S3 and NFD for the minimum channel spacing values and an ESV carrier at 2.048Mbit/s For a 1.024Mbit/s carrier S2=48.83dB for NFD=35dB and df=1456kHz, S3=51.83dB Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 23: FS systems' Rx filter sums S3 , S2 and NFD for the minimum channel spacing values and an ESV carrier at 1.024Mbit/s For a 64kbit/s carrier S3=51.83dB for NFD=22.95dB and df=1297kHz. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 24: FS systems' Rx filter sum S3 and NFD for the minimum channel spacing values and an ESV carrier at 64kbit/s In the case where the ESV on-axis e.i.r.p. and e.i.r.p. spectral density are limited to given values (e.g. 58dBW and 29.65dBW/kHz instead of 26.65dBW/kHz) and the NFD limited to a minimum value (e.g. 35dB) for the highest bit rate the minimum guard-band (df) is determined for the smallest carrier with the maximum e.i.r.p.: Minimum guard-band df ( 1500kHz for NFD=35dB for the highest bit rate (2.048Mbit/s) Remark: 1500kHz is the round value greater than to the maximum of 1360kHz, 1456kHz and 1297kHz. In the above figures, it can be seen that the deciding factor in determining a minimum frequency separation between an FSR channel and an ESV carrier is the noise floor of the ESV carrier, which gives a NFD of 35dB for ESVs whose phase noise floor does not exceed -120dBc/Hz. For a NFD not less than 35dB for the highest bit rate, the minimum guard-band (df) is equal to 1.5MHz for any combination of the selected FS systems and ESV carrier bit rates up to 2.048Mbit/s. Variations of the NFD value with ESVs The NFD value varies with an ESVs characteristics and with its operational conditions over a large range ofdBs. Within the IESS 308 [9], the IESS 309 [10] and the EESS 500 [15] the requirement for the maximum phase noise floor is -90dBc/Hz. REF _Ref120250744 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 25 represents the NFD for: the FS systems S2 receive filter, an ESV carrier at 2.048Mbit/s, and various values of the phase noise floors (PhN) of the ESV modulator and up-converters from -90dBc/Hz to -130dBc/Hz Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 25: Rx filter NFD with FS system S2 for various values of the phase noise floors (PhN) of the ESV modulators and up-converters and an ESV carrier at 2.048Mbit/s The present report limits the study to the case where the ESV phase noise floor does not exceed -120dBc/Hz. This phase noise floor value is the typical value proposed by ETSI and is suitable to obtain an NFD of at least 35dB for a frequency offset (df) between 1.4MHz and 1,7MHz depending on the limitations on the ESV e.i.r.p. and the e.i.r.p. spectral density. REF _Ref120252624 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 26 represents the NFD for: the FS systems S2 receive filter, an ESV carrier at 2.048Mbit/s, and various values of the 1st side lobes levels (SLLs) of the ESV spectrum mask, i.e. for various HPA back-offs. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 26: Rx filter NFD with FS systems S2 for various values the 1st side lobes levels (SLLs) of the ESV spectrum mask and an ESV carrier at 2.048Mbit/s The present report limits the study to the case where the p.s.d. of the 1st spectrum side lobe of the ESV carrier is at least 27dB below the in-band p.s.d. This limit is the typical value of the ESV spectrum mask proposed by ETSI. In case of transmission of several carriers, the NFD has to be computed with the spectrum of all carriers together. The following figure shows the spectra of a single carrier and of 2 carriers with the same Input Back-Off (IBO). In both cases the Global Input Back-Off (GIBO) is the same. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 27: Examples of spectra of a single carrier and 2 carriers transmitted through an HPA The present report limits the study to the case where the ESV transmits a single carrier per HPA. Most of the ESVs transmit a single carrier per HPA. Case of an ESV located below the FSR main beam axis. Case of a flat Earth The following assumptions are made: the Earth surface is flat, the FSR main beam axis is horizontal, the ESV is on the sea surface below the FSR main beam axis. EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 28: FSR and ESV on a flat Earth Let: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the distance between the FSR and the ESV, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the FSR off-axis angle of the direction towards the ESV, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the ESV main beam axis elevation, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the FSR altitude above the sea level, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the ESV altitude above the sea level, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the difference between the ESV and FSR altitudes, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the distance of the ESV to the FSR, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the coefficient used to convert angles in degrees into angles in radians: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Then: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Case of a spherical Earth FSR and ESV horizons EMBED Word.Picture.8 The following parameters are defined: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The Earth radius usually used is 6371km. In order to take account the diffraction by the atmosphere, the equivalent Earth radius is used: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Case where the ESV is in line of sight of the FSR EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 29: FSR and ESV on a spherical Earth The angle ( is the elevation angle of the direction of the FSR at the ESV. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Case where the ESV is beyond the horizon of the FSR EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 30: FSR and ESV on a spherical Earth but beyond the horizon For the purpose of the present study, in the case where the ESV is beyond the horizon of the FSR the following approximation is done: The path from the FSR is in line of sight of the FSR horizon up to the point Hz1 (See REF _Ref131596472 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 30); the path from the ESV is in line of sight of the ESV horizon up to the point Hz2 (See REF _Ref131596472 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 30), the path is parallel to the Earth surface between the points Hz1 and Hz2. In that case: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the distance defined on REF _Ref131596472 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 30, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the angle defined on REF _Ref131596472 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 30. with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 When the ESV is below the FSR horizon, the FSR antenna off-axis angle EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of the direction towards the ESV is limited to the off-axis angle ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the FSR horizon and the ESV antenna off-axis angle EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of the direction towards the FSR is limited to the off-axis angle ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the ESV horizon. Level of interference from an ESV located below the FSR antenna main beam axis The level of interference received by a FSR from an ESV is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV on axis e.i.r.p. of all transmitted signals (in-band, out-of-band and spurious signals), EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV antenna on axis gain, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the off-axis angle at the FSR of the direction towards the ESV. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the elevation angle at the ESV of the direction towards the FSR. Remark: In case of a flat Earth model: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV antenna gain angle towards the FSR, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the propagation loss between the ESV and the FSR, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the FSR antenna gain towards the ESV, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the separation in frequency between the edge of the adjacent FS channel and the nearest edge of the ESV carrier. The edge of the ESV carrier is measured 10dB below its maximum in-band power density, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the Net Filter Discrimination of the ESV signal by the FSR receiver filter for the frequency offset EMBED Equation.DSMT4 . For free space loss on a flat Earth: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Variations of the EMBED Equation.DSMT4 function with the ESV location Within the present section the propagation loss is the free space loss. Let EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ("Gain - Loss + Gain") the sum indBs of the FSR antenna off-axis gain, the propagation loss and the ESV antenna off-axis gain, which are the components of the formula giving the received interference level (I) which are function of the ESV location: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 For the following parameters: FS linkFrequency6175MHzFS Receiver (FSR)Antenna altitude90mAntenna diameter3.00 mAntenna efficiency65.8%Interfering ESVAntenna height40mAntenna diameter2.40mAntenna efficiency65.8%Elevation20Intermediate resultsFSR altitude- ESV height50 mFSR on-axis gain43.86dBiFSR half beamwidth0.561ESV on-axis gain42.00dBiESV half beamwidth0.701 the following results were obtained by computation for free space losses with a flat Earth and a round Earth of radius equal to 4/3 x 6371km in order to take account the atmosphere diffraction: Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 31: Function EMBED Equation.DSMT4 vs. ESV distance (x) from the FSR for an ESV elevation equal to 20 At point QC: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 dBi for EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 dBi The EMBED Equation.DSMT4 function is maximum for: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Antenna height differences [m]FSR antenna diameter [m]1.201.802.403.0050.1700.2550.3400.424100.3390.5090.6790.849250.8491.2731.6982.122501.6972.5463.3954.2441003.3945.0936.7908.4882006.78910.18513.58116.976Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 13: Distance x [km] of the ESV from the FSR at point QC The variations of the value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 are given in REF _Ref132084042 \h Table 14 and shown in REF _Ref132084086 \h Figure 32. Parameter (p)GLG=ESV gain + FSR gain - Free space loss [dB]dGLG [dB]pminpnompmaxGLG (pmin)GLG (pnom)GLG (pmax)GLG(pmin) -GLG(pnom)GLG(pmax) - GLG(pnom)FSR height [m]4190140-47.47-81.45-87.4733.98-6.02ESV height [m]104050-85.53-81.45-79.51-4.081.94FSR antenna diameter [m]1.203.003.30-80.87-81.45-81.480.58-0.03FSR antenna efficiency60.0%64.6%70.0%-81.77-81.45-81.10-0.320.35ESV antenna diameter [m]2.402.403.20-81.45-81.45-81.450.000.00ESV antenna efficiency60.0%65.8%70.0%-81.45-81.45-81.450.000.00ESV pattern degradation [dB]0.003.006.00-84.45-81.45-78.45-3.003.00ESV elevation []202070-81.45-81.45-88.300.00-6.85Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 14: Variations of the value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 32 Variations of the value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Additionally the level of interference varies with the ESV e.i.r.p., the ESV antenna gain and the NFD. Minimum distances (d0) below the FSR main beam axis The minimum distances (d0) computed within this section are only valid for stationary ESVs below the FSR main beam axis. For moving ESVs lower minimum distances (d0) are obtained in later sections (see REF _Ref124137224 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT 6.6). With the following equation the minimum distance (d0) of the ESV below the FSR main beam axis may be determined: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 For given values of the parameters on the left hand side of the sign "=" and of the ESV main beam elevation, the determination of the parameters d, ( and ( is obtained by successive iterations. In fixing the value of one of the parameters of d, ( or ( the values of the other parameters are determined. In some cases there may be no solution, e.g. when the level of interference from the ESV is very low. Computation method: For the computation, at the nth step the parameter d was given the value dn and the resulting value of the GLG function was GLGn. The goal was that the value of the GLG function comes as close as possible to a value (GLG*) of the left hand side of equation 66. The following algorithm was used: dn+1=Max(1km , Min(600km, dn+ (GLGn - GLG*).(d452(p, Ln + 3dB) - dn) / 6dB)) where: d452(p, L) is the function giving the distance where the propagation loss is lower than (L[dB]) for no more than p% of the year, and Ln is the propagation loss computed at the nth step with distance dn. For example, in the case of an I/N ratio of -19dB, for the following conditions: FS linkFrequency6175MHzFS Receiver (FSR)Antenna altitude (hFSR)90 mDistance to coast0kmAntenna diameter3.00mAntenna efficiency64.6%Antenna temperature300KFeeder loss3dBReceiver noise figure4.125dBReceiver bandwidth22906kHzInterfering ESVAntenna altitude (hESV)40 mAntenna diameter2.40mAntenna efficiency65.8%NFD35dBPattern degradation3.00dBModulation rate2bit/HzTypical e.i.r.p. spectral density24.90dBW/kbit/sInterference criterionI/N-19dBFS Receiver (FSR)FSR on-axis gain43.86dBiFSR half beamwidth0.561FSR noise temperature750KFSR system temperature2085KN-121.81dBW(N+I)/N0.054dBI-110.8dBmInterfering ESVESV on-axis gain42.00dBiESV half beamwidth0.701ESV gain at 77.87dBiTable SEQ Table \* ARABIC 15: Typical FSR and ESV parameters the following minimum distances (d0) below the FSR main beam axis are obtained: Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 33: Minimum distances (d0) below the FSR main beam axis for:Typical e.i.r.p. spectral density=24.90dBW/kbit/s, I/N=-19dB, hESV=40m, hFSR=90mwith a stationary ESV, a flat Earth model and for free space loss With a spherical Earth similar results are obtained. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 34: Minimum distances (d0) below the FSR main beam axis for:Typical e.i.r.p. spectral density=24.90dBW/kbit/s, I/N=-19dB, hESV=40m, hFSR=90mwith a stationary ESV, a spherical Earth model, and ITU-R Rec. P.452 propagation loss p=20% Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 35: Minimum distances (d0) below the FSR main beam axis for:Typical e.i.r.p. spectral density=24.90dBW/kbit/s, hESV=40m, hFSR=90m with a stationary ESV, a spherical Earth model, ITU-R Rec. P.452 propagation loss, 20 elevation and for various interference criteria and bit rates drc is the distance of the receiver (i.e. the FSR) to the coast. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 36: Minimum distances (d0) below the FSR main beam axis for:Typical e.i.r.p. spectral density=24.90dBW/kbit/s, hESV=40m, hFSR=90m with a stationary ESV, a spherical Earth model, ITU-R Rec. P.452 propagation loss, 20 elevation and for various interference criteria and FSR altitudes, in the case of 1 ESV Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 37: Minimum distances (d0) below the FSR main beam axis for:Typical e.i.r.p. spectral density=24.90dBW/kbit/s, hESV=40m, hFSR=90mwith a stationary ESV, a spherical Earth model, ITU-R Rec. P.452 propagation loss, 20 elevationand for various interference criteria and FSR altitudes, in the case of 3 ESVs The Excel file attached to this report (available from the ERO web site) contains within the spreadsheet "Fixed_ESV_results" computation results for various FSR altitudes and distances to the coast, ESV altitudes and ESV main beam elevations. The input data are with yellow background and the results are with blue background. Case where the ESV is not located below the FSR antenna main beam axis General The contours computed within this section are only valid for stationary ESVs. Geometry The case of an ESV which is not located below the FSR antenna main beam axis is represented on REF _Ref119122325 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 38 in the case of a flat Earth. EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 38: Case of an ESV not located below the FSR antenna main beam axis in the case of a flat Earth The case of a flat Earth is represented on the above figure, but the following definitions and formulae apply to both the flat Earth model and the spherical model. Let: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the path length between the FSR and the ESV (it is the FSR to ESV distance when the ESV is in line of sight of the FSR) , EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the minimum path length between the FSR and the ESV when the ESV is below the FSR antenna main beam axis, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the distance on the Earth surface between the vertical lines at FSR and at the ESV, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the FSR off-axis angle of the direction towards the ESV, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the FSR off-axis angle of the direction towards the ESV when the ESV is below the FSR antenna main beam axis at the minimum distance EMBED Equation.DSMT4 from the FSR, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the ESV off-axis angle of the direction towards the FSR, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the ESV main beam axis elevation, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the FSR altitude above the sea level, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the ESV altitude above the sea level, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the difference between the ESV and FSR altitudes, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the equivalent radius of the Earth, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the angle at the Earth centre between the directions of the FSR and the ESV, EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the coefficient used to convert angles in degrees into angles in radians: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Then: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 In the case of a flat earth: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Contour of constant level of interference The FSR antenna gain in the direction of the ESV is given by: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The ESV antenna gain in the direction of the FSR is given by: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The level of interference received by the FSR is given by: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Below the FSR antenna main beam axis the level of interference (I) is equal to the maximum acceptable level of interference (Imax) at distance d0: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The contour where the level of interference is maximum, i.e. equal to EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , is the contour such that: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 or: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 In order to plot the contour with a suitable distribution of the points in azimuth ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) around the FSR, it is preferable to successively give to EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the preferred values of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and to determine for each value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the corresponding value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , and subsequently the values of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and the exact value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 . For the typical FSR and ESV parameters listed above, the following contours were obtained: Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 39: Example of contour for: d0=79km for a 2.048Mbit/s carrier, 20 elevation, I/N=-19dB, hESV=40m, hFSR=90m, with free space loss, for stationary ESVs Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 40: Example of contour for: d0=79km for a 2.048Mbit/s carrier, 20 elevation I/N=-19dB, hESV=40m, hFSR=90m,with ITU-R Rec. P.452 propagation loss and p=20%, for stationary ESVs Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 41: Example of contour in the vicinity of the FSR for: d0=79km for a 2.048Mbit/s carrier, 20 elevation I/N=-19dB, hESV=40m, hFSR=90m,with ITU-R Rec. P.452 propagation loss and p=20%, for stationary ESVs In the case of free space loss, the size of the contour, the FSR vicinity being excluded, is mainly determined by the parameter d0. In the case of free space loss, the point EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of the contour where the EMBED Equation.DSMT4 coordinate is maximum, near the FSR antenna main beam corresponds to EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 km The ratio between the length (d0) and the half-width (y1) is respectively 1.8%, 1.2% and 0.7% for a 1.2m, 1.80m and 3m FS antenna. REF _Ref131913633 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 42 shows the FSR half power beamwidth at various distances from the FSR, assuming a flat Earth and free space loss (FSL) and for a 2.048Mbit/s ESV carrier. For each distance, the corresponding (I/N) contribution of a single ESV is indicated in the figure. EMBED Visio.Drawing.11 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 42: Example of FSR half power beamwidth and (I/N) ratiofor a flat Earth and free space loss (FSL) and a 2.048Mbit/s carrier Zone where the short term performance criteria threshold are exceeded The computation method used up to this point may be applied to determine the size of the zone where the short term performance criteria thresholds are exceeded. With the following conditions: Interfered FSRFSR altitude90mNFD35dBInterfering ESVESV height40mESV elevation20Nominal e.i.r.p. density24.90dBW/kbit/sST-ES interference criterionI/N+19.0dBp0.00045% the following contour was obtained: Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 43: Contour for I/N=+19dB during less than 0.00045% of the yearfor a 2.048Mbit/s carrier with elevation=20 and NFD=35dB, for stationary ESVs Similarly for: ST-SES interference criterionI/N+23.0dBp0.000012%the following contour was obtained: Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 44: Contour for I/N=+23dB during less than 1,2x10-7 of the yearfor a 2.048Mbit/s carrier with elevation=20 and NFD=35dB, for stationary ESVs The contour in REF _Ref131677167 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 44 is represented below on REF _Ref131914355 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 45 with the same scale for both x and y axes. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 45: Contour for I/N=+23dB during less than 1,2 x10-7 of the yearfor a 2.048Mbit/s carrier with elevation=20 and NFD=35dB, for stationary ESVs For a FSR antenna with a higher antenna gain, the sizes of these contours will be greater. Minimum distance in the case of moving ESVs General In the previous section it was assumed that there were permanently 1, 2 or 3 ESVs on the contours corresponding to each interference criterion. In the present section a more realistic assumption is made: it is assumed that the ESVs are either moving within or crossing those contours. Description of the method ITU-R Rec. P.452 [7] describes a method for computing the propagation loss (L) at distance (d) such that the probability Pr(L( l) that the propagation loss (L) is lower than or equal to a given value (l) is equal to a given percentage (p): Pr(L( l)=p. This probability is the "cumulative distribution function" FL(l) of the random variable L of probability density pL(l): EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The relationship between the (I/N) ratio, the GLG function and the other parameters of the FSR and ESV is the following: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The successive steps for the determination of the minimum distance (d0) are the following: The ESV is assumed to move along a line either parallel or perpendicular to the FSR main beam and the line is at a distance dmin from the FSR. The ESV moves between two circles of radius Rmin and Rmax around the FSR (e.g. Rmin=dmin and Rmax=500km). The space around the FSR is divided into cells as shown in Figure 49 by: circles such that the free space loss increases by 0.25dB steps up to the horizon and by 0.025dB beyond the horizon, from Rmin to Rmax, radius such that the FSR antenna gain increases by 0.25dB steps, for the point of each cell which is closest to the FSR: The distance d between the FSR and the ESV is determined. The cumulative distribution function FL(l) of the propagation loss (l) is determined for the distance d and the selected percentage of time p, using the ITU-R Recommendation P.452-7 [7] propagation model. The cumulative distribution function of GLG is then computed. For each GLG value, every 0.5dB, the corresponding probability is multiplied by the duration of the ESV within the cell and divided by the end-to-end travel duration, and the result is then cumulated. The probability density of the (I/N) ratio is equal to the probability density of (GLG plus an appropriate constant). The probability density of the (I/N) ratio for a single interferer is then used to compute the probability density of the (I/N) ratio for the number of interferers which are expected to move by the FSR during the same day. The probability density of (I/N) for the number of interferers is then plotted and compared with the thresholds. The "I/N margin" and the "p margin" for each criterion are determined. The minimum distance (d0) is the distance such that the margins are positive or null and minimum. EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 46: ESV moving on a straight line in a given direction relative to the FSR main beam axis Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 47: ESV moving on a straight linein a direction orthogonal to the FSR main beam axis( =90, dmin=100km, Rmin=80km) Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 48: ESV moving on a straight line below the FSR main beam axis( =0, dmin=0km, Rmin=80km) The ESV does not transmit within the circle (O, Rmin). Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 49: Cells around the FSR for the determination of the minimum distances (d0) Propagation loss versus the ESV distance The ITU-R Rec. P.452-7 [7] methodology has been use to determine the propagation loss versus the ESV distance for each configuration considered such as the following: Frequency6175MHzPropagation parameters:N_0330Delta_N50Beta_e1.35ESV antenna altitude40mFSR ground altitude50 mFSR antenna height40mMax. distance of the ESV from FSR500kmDistance of the FSR to the coast15km Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 50: FSR to ESV profile For this case the following propagation loss distributions were obtained. (l) Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 51: Cumulative distribution function FL(l) of propagation loss Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 52: Propagation loss versus the ESV distance from the FSR The propagation loss was computed for the following distances: 1km, 2km, 4km, 8km, 16km, 32km, 64km, 80km and every 10km up to 500km and for the following probabilities: 1x10-n, 2x10-n, 5x10-n, from 1x10-0 to 1x10-5. It has been linearly interpolated indBs down to 1x10-7. For each distance d of the ESV to the FSR, the propagation loss is linearly interpolated from the 4 closest points, using the logarithms of the distances and the logarithms of the probabilities. Cumulative distribution functions (FI(i/n)) of the (I/N) ratio REF _Ref131917446 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 53 contains an example of the complement of the cumulative distribution function F(I/N) of the ratio (I/N) which was computed for a single ESV per day, and also for 3 ESVs per day travelling on the same route in a direction orthogonal to the FSR main beam axis at a minimum distance of 40 km from the FSR. The FSR and ESV parameters were those given in REF _Ref132372738 \h Table 15 and for the scenario the following parameters were used: ESVElevation20.00Speed18.30km/hNb. of ESVs per day3.00ESV/dayZone around the FSRRmax500kmRmin39kmdmin40kmAzimuth (Az)090 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 53: Complement of the cumulative distribution function (F(I/N)) of the (I/N) ratio The criteria are indicated by yellow diamonds; some criteria apply to a single interferer, some others apply to the interferers all together (see REF _Ref131920870 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Error! Reference source not found.). For each criterion the "I/N margin" and the "p margin" were determined: The "I/N margin" is defined as the difference indBs between the corresponding threshold point (I/N, percentage of time (p)) and the curve of the complement of the cumulative distribution function of the I/N ratio, measured along an axis parallel to the I/N axis. The "p margin" is defined as the difference indBs between the corresponding threshold point (I/N, percentage of time (p)) and the curve of the complement of the cumulative distribution function of the I/N ratio, measured along an axis parallel to the axis of percentage of time. Scenarios and results The percentage of time during which each I/N ratio of the interference criteria is exceeded has been computed for various combinations of the following parameters: the FSR distance to coast was either 0km or 15km, the combinations of the FSR ground altitude and antenna height above ground were: Antenna ground altitudem10505050Antenna heightm317041120Antenna altitudem4112091170the FSR antenna diameter and efficiency were: Antenna diameterm1,203,00Antenna efficiency64,0%64,6%FSR on-axis gaindBi35,5043,50FSR half beamwidth1,4620,585ESVs were moving either below the FSR main beam axis ( =0) or in a direction orthogonal to the FSR main beam axis ( =90), the number of ESVs per day was either 1, 1.5 or 3, the minimum distance (dmin) of the ESV linear trajectories from the FSR were 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 40, 48, 64, 80, 96, 128, 160, 192, 256, 320 km. The other parameters were the following: FS linkFrequency5925MHzFS Receiver (FSR)Pattern typeF.1245Antenna temperature300KFeeder loss3dBReceiver noise figure4.125dBReceiver noise bandwidth22906kHzAt the LNA inputFSR LNA noise temperature750KAt the antenna flangeFSR system temperature2085KN-91.81dBm"-121.81dBWInterfering ESVAntenna height40.00mPattern typeIESS601Antenna diameter2.40mAntenna efficiency64.6%Pattern degradation3.00dBESV on-axis gain41.50dBiESV off-axis gain towards the horizon-3.50dBiESV half beamwidth0.731NFD 35dBBit rate2 048kbit/sNominal e.i.r.p. density24.90dBW/kbit/sESV e.i.r.p. 58.01dBWESV HPA power16.51dBWElevation20.00Speed18.30km/h The computations have been performed for the lower frequency of the FS L6 frequency band, i.e. at 5925GHz. For 6175GHz the free space loss would be 0.3dB higher and at the other end of the L6 frequency band, i.e. at 6425GHz the free space loss would be 0.6dB higher. For each criterion the margins were determined and for each set of criteria the minimum value of the margins were determined. The attached Excel file (available from the ERO web site) contains: within the spreadsheet "Moving_ESV_results" computation results for various configurations of FSRs characteristics and ESVs characteristics and trajectories. The data are with yellow background and the results are with blue background, within the spreadsheet "Moving_ESV_graphs" graphic representations of the margins for each criterion and each set of criteria, within the spreadsheet "Moving_ESV_global_result" the minimum distance (d0) for each set of criteria. Each curve is labelled such as "Case 5: FSR: drc=15km, h=50+120 m, D=3 m, =90, 3 ESV/day" where: Case is the case number within the sheet "Moving_ESV_results", drc is the distance of the receiver (i.e. the FSR) to the coast, h is the FSR ground altitude plus (+) the FSR antenna height above ground, D is the FSR antenna diameter, =90 when the ESV is sailing in a direction orthogonal to the FSR antenna main beam, =0 when the ESV is sailing below the FSR antenna main beam. Additionally, within the sheet "Moving_ESV_results" Rmin is the minimum distance of the ESV to the FSR at which the ESV may transmit a signal, dmin is the distance of the ESV trajectory (i.e. a straight line) to the FSR, Az is the angle between the FSR main beam axis and the direction orthogonal to the ESV trajectory. , Az, Rmin, dmin are shown in REF _Ref131930496 \h \* MERGEFORMAT The Excel file does not contain any macros. An example of the value of d0 for the criteria set #1 in a given configuration is given in REF _Ref132087787 \h Figure 54. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 54: Example of value of d0 for the criteria set #1 in a given configuration (FSR: drc=15km, h=50+70 m, D=3 m ESV: h=40m, D=2.4m, v=18.3km/h, =0, 3 ESV/day) The minimum distances (d0) of the ESV to the FSR and to the coast (dc) for each set of criteria for each of the configurations considered in this report are given within the following two tables: Minimum ESV distance (d0) to FSR for criteria set #1Minimum ESV distance (d0) to FSR for criteria set #2Minimum ESV distance (d0) to FSR for criteria set #3Nb. of ESVs per day1.01.53.01.01.53.01.01.53.0090090090090090090090090090FSR antenna diameterFSR-ESV altitude differenceFSR antenna ground altitudeFSR antenna height above groundESV antenna heightFSR distance to coastmmmmmkmkmKmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkm1.20110314005.05.05.05.016.25.05.05.05.05.030.65.05.05.05.05.05.05.01.201103140155.05.05.05.012.35.05.05.05.05.024.15.05.05.05.05.05.05.01.205150414005.05.05.75.036.85.05.05.017.35.048.55.05.05.05.05.05.05.01.2051504140155.05.05.05.035.55.05.05.013.75.044.85.05.05.05.05.05.05.01.208050704005.05.011.75.042.85.05.05.021.85.052.05.05.05.05.05.05.05.01.2080507040155.05.010.05.041.35.05.05.018.15.049.15.05.05.05.05.05.05.01.20130501204005.05.017.65.048.85.05.05.030.45.061.55.05.05.05.05.05.05.01.201305012040155.05.016.25.047.65.05.05.026.55.056.85.05.05.05.05.05.05.03.001103140018.012.719.413.426.914.918.112.719.613.444.114.918.012.719.413.423.014.93.0011031401517.512.718.713.523.114.917.712.719.013.534.014.917.512.718.713.521.114.93.0051504140016.911.519.512.146.113.617.211.524.912.154.913.616.411.517.612.119.913.63.00515041401516.911.519.212.143.013.617.111.520.012.150.013.616.511.517.612.119.913.63.0080507040015.26.519.79.249.811.415.46.530.09.260.911.415.26.516.59.218.911.43.00805070401515.26.418.99.347.211.415.26.424.79.354.611.415.26.416.59.318.911.43.00130501204005.05.027.45.057.95.07.35.038.05.068.45.05.05.010.75.015.35.03.001305012040155.05.024.55.054.45.05.05.032.85.064.35.05.05.010.85.015.35.0Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 16: Minimum ESV distance (d0) to FSR for each criteria set NOTE: The object of this table is to enable each Administration toselect the minimum distance for ESV transmission corresponding to the combination of parametersmost suited to theirindividual case. Minimum ESV distance to coast (dc) for criteria set #1Minimum ESV distance to coast (dc) for criteria set #2Minimum ESV distance to coast (dc) for criteria set #3Nb. of ESVs per day1.01.53.01.01.53.01.01.53.0090090090090090090090090090FSR antenna diameterFSR-ESV altitude differenceFSR antenna ground altitudeFSR antenna height above groundESV antenna heightFSR distance to coastmmmmmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkmkm1.20110314005.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 16.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 30.6 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.201103140150.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.205150414005.0 5.0 5.7 5.0 36.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 17.3 5.0 48.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.2051504140150.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.208050704005.0 5.0 11.7 5.0 42.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 21.8 5.0 52.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.2080507040150.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 34.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.20130501204005.0 5.0 17.6 5.0 48.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 30.4 5.0 61.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.201305012040150.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 32.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 0.0 41.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.001103140018.0 12.7 19.4 13.4 26.9 14.9 18.1 12.7 19.6 13.4 44.1 14.9 18.0 12.7 19.4 13.4 23.0 14.9 3.001103140152.5 0.0 3.7 0.0 8.1 0.0 2.7 0.0 4.0 0.0 19.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 3.7 0.0 6.1 0.0 3.0051504140016.9 11.5 19.5 12.1 46.1 13.6 17.2 11.5 24.9 12.1 54.9 13.6 16.4 11.5 17.6 12.1 19.9 13.6 3.0051504140151.9 0.0 4.2 0.0 28.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 5.0 0.0 35.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 2.6 0.0 4.9 0.0 3.0080507040015.2 6.5 19.7 9.2 49.8 11.4 15.4 6.5 30.0 9.2 60.9 11.4 15.2 6.5 16.5 9.2 18.9 11.4 3.0080507040150.2 0.0 3.9 0.0 32.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 9.7 0.0 39.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.0 3.9 0.0 3.00130501204005.0 5.0 27.4 5.0 57.9 5.0 7.3 5.0 38.0 5.0 68.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.7 5.0 15.3 5.0 3.001305012040150.0 0.0 9.5 0.0 39.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.8 0.0 49.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 17: Minimum ESV distance to coast (dc) for each criteria set NOTE: The object of this table is to enable each Administration toselect the minimum distance for ESV transmission corresponding to the combination of parametersmost suited to theirindividual case. The lowest distance within the Tables 16&17 is 5km, because it was the lowest distance between the ESV and the FSR used for the computations. In some case the limits for the three criteria sets are the same because the minimum distance is dictated by the short term criteria (ST-ES and ST-SES) which are common to the three criteria sets. ESV distances to the FSR and to the coast As shown in REF _Ref131936827 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 31 the level of interference received by the back lobes of the FSR antenna is more than 40dB below the level of interference received via the FSR antenna main beam. REF _Ref131936741 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 55 shows the case of a FS link between an inland FSR and a FSR on the coast. For such a link the most sensitive FSR to ESV interference is the inland FSR pointing towards the sea. REF _Ref131937259 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 56 shows the case of a FS link between a costal FSR and an FSR on an island, or on both sides of an estuary. Both FSRs are sensitive to the ESV interference, the northern one less so than the other. EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 55: Case of a FS link within the main land EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 56: Case of a FS link between the main land and an island (or over an estuary) Case of several ESVs moving in different directions A case of 3 ESVs moving in different directions has been considered. It was assumed that during the same day two ESVs were sailing in a direction orthogonal to the FSR antenna main beam and one ESV was sailing below the FSR antenna beam. The probability of the (I/N) ratio has been computed by two different methods which led to the same results. The first method consisted of: using the computation method presented in REF _Ref132034739 \r \h 6.6.2 to separately compute the values of the probability of the (I/N) ratio for: 2 ESVs sailing, during the same day, in a direction orthogonal to the FSR antenna main beam, and for 1 ESV sailing, during the day, below the FSR antenna main beam, and afterwards of computing the probability of the (I/N) ratio in the case of the 3 ESVs sailing during the same day. It was obtained by the convolution of the probabilities of the above 2 cases. Remark: The probability density of the sum (S=X + Y) of two independent variables (X and Y) is equal to the convolution of the probability densities: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The second method consisted of: moving simultaneously each ESV on its trajectory (one ESV below the FSR main beam axis and two ESVs in a direction orthogonal to the FSR antenna main beam), computing every second the probability of the propagation loss and cumulating these probabilities, and converting the probability of the propagation loss into the distribution function of the (I/N) ratio. On the distribution functions of the (I/N) ratio are plotted and displayed; the results of the first method are the blue and red curves and the results obtained by the second method is the black curve. Using two different methods similar results have been obtained independently. For I/N greater than 10dB, the difference was due to the fact that Rec. ITU-R P.452 [7] gives propagation attenuations for percentages of time down to 0,001% of the time. With method 1 a linear extrapolation has been done indBs for percentages of time lower than 0,001%. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 57: Distribution functions of the (I/N) ratio in the case of a FSR 5km inland with its main beam orthogonal to the linear coast line(1ESV below the FSR main beam and emitting up to 5km off the coast and2ESVs moving in a direction orthogonal to the FSR main beam, at 5km from the coast) From the above figure it can be seen that the ESV that dominates the interference statistics is the one travels under the FSR main beam axis. This is because the (I/N) margins and p margins for the single ESV and the two other ESVs are different by severaldBs. The fact that the results obtained by the two methods are similar gives confidence in the methods used. Conclusions The aim of the present report is to define the conditions for ESVs to transmit within the gaps of the Fixed Service frequency band L6 at 6GHz within 300km of the European coasts, to be used as a tool for administrations wishing to develop regulations allowing ESV use within 300 km exclusion zone from their coasts. It was not possible to consider all configurations of the FSR and ESV characteristics and locations. Nevertheless with some restrictions it was possible to determine common and simple rules for ESVs. The following operational conditions, all together, were assumed: The ESV does not transmit at distances from the European country coast lower than a distance dc, or at distances from the inland FSR lower than a distance d0., as described further below. The ESV antenna main beam axis elevation is not lower than 20. The ESV antenna on-axis gain is at least 42 dBi. Remark: It was assumed that the ESV antenna diameter was not lower than 2.4 m as recommended in ITU-R Resolution 902 (WRC-2003) and consequently that the on-axis gain of a typical ESV antenna was not lower than 42 dBi. The ESV transmits a single carrier per HPA. The phase noise floor of the ESV carrier does not exceed -120dBc/Hz. The p.s.d. of the 1st spectrum side lobe of the ESV carrier is at least 27dB below the in-band p.s.d. The ESV e.i.r.p. does not exceed 58dBW. The ESV antenna off-axis gain pattern complies with the pattern specified within the present report for 90% of the side lobes and with 3dB relaxation for 10% of the peaks. The ESV does not transmit when the vessel speed is lower than 10 knots (18.3km/h). Remark: Without this constraint, the probabilities of interference will be higher in the case of ESVs staying within a zone e.g. for fishing or for oil prospecting, or in the case of a shuttle between harbours. The guard-band (df) is defined as the separation in frequency between the edge of the adjacent FS channel and the nearest edge of the ESV carrier. The edge of the ESV carrier is measured 10dB below its maximum in-band power spectral density. Assuming the above maximum e.i.r.p. limit, the minimum guard-band (df) is equal to either: 1700kHz with no ESV e.i.r.p. spectral density limit, or 1400kHz if the ESV e.i.r.p. spectral density is limited to 26.65dBW/kHz or 1500kHz if the ESV e.i.r.p. spectral density is limited to 29.65dBW/kHz. The minimum distances dc and d0. of transmitting ESVs from the European country coast and to the inland FSR will depend on the assumptions made concerning the following parameters: the interference criteria set (see HYPERLINK \l "Table2" Table 2), the mean number of ESVs per day passing by the FSR and their directions of travel, the FSR antenna size, the maximum height of the FSR antenna, Note: If administrations wish to take into account the tidal effect, the FSR height should be replaced by the FSR height plus the tide amplitude and the FSR height minus the tide amplitude. the minimum distance to the coast of the FSR pointed towards the sea or towards the other side of an estuary. REF _Ref132001371 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Table 16 and REF _Ref132001378 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Table 17 give the values of d0 and dc for various values of those parameters considered within this report. Depending on the values given to the above parameters, the minimum distance of an ESV to the coast dc, is within the range from 0 to 68 km. The scenarios used to determine the values d0 and dc are described in REF _Ref132536240 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT 6.6.5. Possibilities for reducing those minimum distances are described in Annex 4, where it is shown that reduction in distance of only 14% and 27% would be obtained by significantly increasing the guard band (df) from 1.7 MHz to 5 MHz and/or decreasing ESV maximum e.i.r.p. from 58 dBW to 43 dBW respectively. In this report it was assumed that the latitude of the ESV was generally higher than that of the coast line concerned. It should be noted that in cases where the coast line has higher latitude than that of the ESVs, minimum distances d0 and dc would be considerably lower than the distances given in REF _Ref132001371 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Table 16 and REF _Ref132001378 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Table 17. This is because the computations were carried out for cases in which the minimum off-axis angle at the ESV of the interference path toward the FSR was equal to the minimum angle assumed for the elevation toward the satellite i.e. 20(, whereas for coastlines to the north of an ESV in Europe the minimum off-axis angles would be substantially higher. It should be also noted that the approach proposed in this report in general complies with the terms of ITU Resolution 902 (WRC-2003) in that it constitutes a basis for prior agreement, but only for those administrations that accept the terms of the report (see Clause 4, Annex 1, Res. 902). However administrations are under no obligation to accept the terms of this report and may continue to require compliance with the more restrictive limitations given in the resolution. It was made known during approval of this report that some CEPT administrations do not intend accepting the proposed measures and will continue using the original provisions of Resolution 902 (WRC-2003). In particular, when considering the protection of primary Fixed Service systems in the lower 6 GHz band (5925-6425 MHz), administrations, if they so wish, have the sovereign right to retain the limits on ESV operation given in Resolution 902 (WRC-03) as expressed in the following extract from its Annex 1, item 10: When ESVs operating beyond the territorial sea but within the minimum distance (300 km from the coastline) fail to comply with the terms required by the concerned administration pursuant to items 2 and 4, then that administration may: request the ESV to comply with such terms or cease operation immediately; or request the licensing administration to require such compliance or immediate cessation of the operation. ANNEX 1: INTEGRAL OF A FUNCTION GIVEN IN dBs AND LINEAR ON SUCCESSIVE SEGMENTS Introduction For the computation of the Net Filter Discrimination (NFD) of a narrow bandwidth carrier transmitted by an ESV by the large bandwidth input filter of a FSR it is necessary to compute the integral of the product of amplitude transfer function of each filter. The present section proposes a method for the computation of the NFD when the power transfer function of each filter is defined in dBs and is linear on successive intervals. Product of transfer functions For two functions EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , each defined in dBs and for a collection of points EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and linearly interpolated on the intervals between these points, the product ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of these two functions is also a function defined in dBs with linear segments over consecutive intervals which are the intersections of the two sets of intervals. for EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 for EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 then: for EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 58: Example of functions f(x), g(x) and p(x) Integral of the product of transfer functions For a function EMBED Equation.DSMT4 defined in dBs with linear segments over consecutive intervals, its integral function over the interval EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is given by: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 For EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 For EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 For EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ANNEX 2: METHOD OF THE COMPUTATION OF F(I/N) FOR SEVERAL ESVs PER DAY A2.1 General For each considered scenario, the distribution of the (I/N) ratio is obtained by a simulation consisting in moving one ESV along a straight line at a distance dmin from the FSR, within the circle (0, Rmax) (See REF _Ref132698463 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 59). The ESV is not allowed to transmit within the circle (0, Rmin). The whole space around the FSR and within the circle (0, Rmax) is partitioned into a set of cells by circles and radius. The complete ESV path, from end to end, is partitioned into segments (dsk), one per cell which is crossed by the path as shown in REF _Ref132698463 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 59. EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 59 For the closest ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) point to the FSR of each cell crossed by the ESV the values of the following functions are computed: the probability density ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the propagation loss ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ), using ITU-R Recommendation P.452, the FSR antenna gain ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) towards EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , the ESV antenna gain ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) towards the FSR, the value of the GLG function: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , the length ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the part of the segment ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) where the ESV may emit a signal (i.e. outside the circle (O, Rmin)), the probability density ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the GLG function over the segment ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ): EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the probability density (pGLG(x[dB])) of the GLG function over the end-to-end path of length EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 (for periods of time with no emission) Before running the above algorithm the following initialisation is done: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 . This algorithm gives the probability density ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the GLG function over the end-to-end path of length LT, followed by a single ESV during EMBED Equation.DSMT4 days at a speed EMBED Equation.DSMT4 . The probability density EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of the GLG function over the end-to-end path followed by an integer number EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of ESVs during a travel duration EMBED Equation.DSMT4 as close as possible to EMBED Equation.DSMT4 at a speed EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is then determined using the following intermediate probability density: the probability density ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the GLG function over the end-to-end path followed by a single ESV during a travel duration EMBED Equation.DSMT4 as close as possible to EMBED Equation.DSMT4 at a speed EMBED Equation.DSMT4 . Once the value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is determined (See REF _Ref132729716 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT 0), the probability density EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is deduced from the probability density EMBED Equation.DSMT4 by lengthening the path length. When the ESV is very far from the FSR the value of the GLG function is very low (i.e. equal to EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ). EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The computation of the probability density EMBED Equation.DSMT4 from the probability density ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is based on the following properties: The "first characteristic function" EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of a random variable EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of probability density EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is defined by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 If EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the sum of n independent random variables EMBED Equation.DSMT4 each of probability density EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , the "first characteristic function" EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The "first characteristic function" EMBED Equation.DSMT4 for EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is equal to the Fourier transform ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of the probability density EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 For X defined over a limited range of values the Fourier transform ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 may be obtained with a Fast Fourier Transform ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ): EMBED Equation.DSMT4 With the above assumptions, the probability density of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 may be obtained from the probability density of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 using the following formula: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Then: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The range of variations of the GLG function values is very large, i.e. over 90dB or more. The computation of the above formula would require the use of an FFT over 230samples (Log2((10(90/10))/(10(0,5/10))) ( 30) for an accuracy of 0.5 dB on EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and would require about 2 hours and half of computation for the two FFTs with a computer fitted with a 2 GHz clock. Using two double precision number (i.e. over 8 bytes) for each sample (seen as complex number), the necessary memory size for the computation with a computer would be at least 16 Go (230 x 2 x 8 bytes). This is not possible today with usual computers. To overcome this technical difficulty, a sliding window technique has been used (See REF _Ref132803474 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT 0) using several 64K FFTs; the computation duration for each scenario was about 2 minutes instead of 2 hours and half. A2.2 ESV travel duration Let: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the ESV speed (i.e. its velocity), EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the length of the travel (T), EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the duration of the travel, then: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 A2.3 Determination of n and T^T corresponding to the number of ESVs per day The number EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is equal to the closest integer equal to or greater than the mean number of ESVs passing by the FSR during the travel duration: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the require number of ESVs per day passing by the FSR (e.g. 1.5), EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the ESV travel duration ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ). The new travel duration EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is given by the following equation: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 or: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The following table gives some examples of the values of the above parameters: Travel duration EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2.2772.2772.277Nb. of ESVs per day passing by the FSR1.01.53.0Number of ESVs passing by the FSR during the new travel duration EMBED Equation.DSMT4 347New travel duration EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3.0002.6672.333 A2.4 Computation of the probability of a sum of random variables with a sliding window technique The computation of the probability of the sum EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 independent and positive or null random variables of probability densities EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , and defined over a very large range of values may be done on successive intervals for EMBED Equation.DSMT4 such that the number of samples per FFT is acceptable. Let EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the random variable defined on the interval EMBED Equation.DSMT4 such that: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Then the probability density of this random variable EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the following: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 60: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Let EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the sum of n independent random variables EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 A value EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and a value EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 correspond to any set of values EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 When EMBED Equation.DSMT4 then: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 or for the cumulative distribution functions: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 (when EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 61: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Word.Picture.8 The value EMBED Equation.DSMT4 of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 such that: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and is such that: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The relative deviation of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 from EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is bound as indicated below: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Let EMBED Equation.DSMT4 the required accuracy on the value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 For the required accuracy on the value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , EMBED Equation.DSMT4 must be greater than a minimum value EMBED Equation.DSMT4 : EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is equal to EMBED Equation.DSMT4 for a value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 such that EMBED Equation.DSMT4 does not exceed a given accuracy EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , provided that: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Word.Picture.8 Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 62: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 When using a FFT, it is assumed that the function is periodic. The number of samples ( EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ) must be such that: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 where: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is the sampling period of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 . For a FFT over 64 K samples, a given required accuracy and the value of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , Table 1 gives the values of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , EMBED Equation.DSMT4 , EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and the range EMBED Equation.DSMT4 in dBs over which the estimation of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 is obtained. For EMBED Equation.DSMT4 defined over 90 dB, it is recommended to perform the computation over 14 successive 10 dB ranges of X or S, i.e. starting 20 dB below the minimum value of X and ending 30 dB above the maximum value of X. N161616 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 1%2%3% EMBED Equation.DSMT4 81114 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 111 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 65 53665 53665 536 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 800.0550.0466.7 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 8292.06007.84714.5 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 10.410.910.1 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 10.16 dB10.38 dB10.04 dBTable SEQ Table \* ARABIC 18: Sampling and FFT parameters annex 3: CASE OF SEVERAL ESVs MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS One of the two methods described in 6.8 for the computing the probability of the (I/N) ratio in the case of the 3 ESVs sailing in different directions during the same day requires the computation of the probability of the sum of: the (I/N) ratio in the case of 1 ESV sailing, during the day, below the FSR antenna main beam, and the (I/N) ratio in the case of 2 ESVs sailing, during the same day, in a direction orthogonal to the FSR antenna main beam. The probability of the sum is obtained by the convolution of the probabilities of each ratio (I/N) by application of the following property: The probability density of the sum (S=X + Y) of two independent variables (X and Y) is equal to the convolution of the probability densities: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The probabilities of the ratio (I/N) were obtained for (I/N) ratios every 0.5 dB, from -150 dB to +35 dB. An approximation of the sum of these (I/N) ratios may be easily computed as shown hereafter. Let EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 these (I/N) ratios and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 their sum: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The probability densities of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 may be written as it follows: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 for 0.5 dB steps and: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 for 0.5 dB steps Then: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 or: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Let EMBED Equation.DSMT4 an approximation of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 such that: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 or: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 The relationship between pS, pX and pY is given within the following frame: pS(k) = + pX(k - 0) * (FY(k - 25) - FY (0)) + pY (k - 0) * (FX(k - 25) - FX (0)) + pX (k - 1) * (FY (k - 16) - FY (k - 25 - 1)) + pY (k - 1) * (FX (k - 16) - FX (k - 25 - 1)) + pX (k - 2) * (FY (k - 16) - FY (k - 12 - 1)) + pY (k - 2) * (FX (k - 16) - FX (k - 12 - 1)) + pX (k - 3) * (pY(k - 10) + pY (k - 11) + pY (k - 12)) + pY (k - 3) * (pX (k - 10) + pX (k - 11) + pX (k - 12)) + pX (k - 4) * (pY (k - 8) + pY (k - 9) + pY (k - 10)) + pY (k - 4) * (pX (k - 8) + pX (k - 9) + pX (k - 10)) + pX (k - 5) * (pY (k - 8) + pY (k - 7)) + pY (k - 5) * (pX (k - 8) + pX (k - 7)) + pY (k - 6) * pX (k - 7) + pX (k - 6) * pY (k - 6) + pX (k - 6) * pY (k - 7)with: EMBED Equation.DSMT4 and EMBED Equation.DSMT4 annex 4: Methods for reducing the minimum distances d0 and dc Some investigations have been carried out in order to find conditions under which ESVs could operate closer to the FSRs and to the coasts but no significant reductions of the minimum distances could be obtained. This analysis and the conclusion are presented below. As the question could be raised again by any other body, this analysis with the conclusion is proposed to become a new section of the report, under the following title: " 6.9 Solutions for reducing the minimum distances". In addition, it is proposed to replace within the conclusion (7) the sentence: The scenarios used to determine the values d0 and dc are described in ( 6.6.5) by the sentence: The scenarios used to determine the values d0 and dc are described in ( <6.6.5>) and the solutions for reducing the minimum distances are described in ( <6.9>). A4.1. Solutions for reducing the minimum distances A4.1.1. General The minimum distances to the FSRs and to the coasts presented in